Table 1 The description of the covariates included in the model
Childhood undernutrition using CIAF (outcome variable) | \(\mathrm y\mathrm i=\left\{\begin{array}{c}1:\mathrm{if}\;\mathrm{a}\; \mathrm{child}\; \mathrm{i}\; \mathrm{had}\;\mathrm{at}\; \mathrm{least}\;\mathrm{one}\; \mathrm{form}\; \mathrm{of}\; \mathrm{undernourished}\; \left(\mathrm {CIAF}\right) \\ 0: \mathrm{if}\;\mathrm{child}\; \mathrm{i}\; \mathrm{is}\; \mathrm{nourished}\; \end{array}\right.\) |
Child level covariates | Descriptions |
% of children with vitamin A | the proportion of children with vitamin A |
% of children with breastfeeding | the proportion of children with breastfeeding |
% of a child with comorbidity status | the proportion of children with comorbidity |
% of children with a Dietary diversity score | the proportion of children with at least minimum dietary diversity score |
Maternal/household-level covariates | Description |
% of women with illiteracy | the proportion of women with an illiteracy rate |
% of a father with illiteracy | the proportion of fathers with an illiteracy rate |
% of women with high autonomy | the proportion of women with low autonomy |
% of access sanitation facilities | the proportion of households with improved sanitation |
% access to safe water | the proportion of households with improved water |
% of women’s bmi < 18.5 kg/m2 | the proportion of women with underweight BMI |
% of women with media exposure | the proportion of women with media exposure |
% of the working status of the mother | the proportion of women with working status |
% of wealth Quantile (WQ) | the proportion of households with a high poverty rate |
Geospatial covariates | Description |
Average Precipitation (precp) | The average precipitation measured within the 10 km (rural) or 2 km (urban) |
Average Aridity index | The ratio of annual precipitation to annual potential evapotranspiration (10 km × 10 km) |
Average maximum temperature (MaxT) | The average annual maximum temperature within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
Average minimum temperature (MinT) | The average annual minimum temperature within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
Average potential evaporation (pet) | The average annual pet within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
Average urban–rural settlement (UR) | This is the urban–rural population classification of the area within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
Average Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) | The average vegetation index value within the 10 km (rural) or the 2 km (urban) |
Average Wet days (WetD) | The average number of days receiving rainfall within the 10 km (rural) or 2 km (urban) |