Table 2 Themes and categories

1. Individual behavior

1.1. Being visionary

1.2. Empathy and honesty

1.3. Wise use of resources

1.4. Leadership experience

2. Social support

2.1. Family support

2.2. Peer support

3. Organizational support

3.1. Affirmative actions

3.2. Training and mentoring

3.3. Succession planning

3.4. Recognition

3.5. Development partners’ support

4. Gender stereotype (cultural norms/ societal factors)

4.1. Status quos and norms

4.2. Self-image