Table 4 Drowning prevention strategies documented in included literature

Beach safety assessment

Jordan [90]

Secondary

P

Administrative

N

–

N

Child Supervision

Bahrain [30]

Saudi Arabia [32]

Primary

P

Administrative

N

–

Y- Provide safe places away from water for pre-school children, with capable child care

Tunisia [97]

Primary

P

Administrative

Y

Education

CPR and First Aid

Bahrain [85]

Tertiary

P

Administrative

Y

Maritime

Y - Train bystanders in safe rescue and resuscitation

Iran [40]

Tertiary

E ^b

Administrative

Y

Health

Jordan [90]

Tertiary

I

Administrative

Y

Health

Saudi Arabia [60, 32]

Tertiary

P

Administrative

Y

Health

Saudi Arabia [66]

Tertiary

E #

Administrative

Y

Health

Developing a national water safety strategy

Bahrain [84]

Primary

P

Administrative

N

–

Y – Develop a national water safety plan

Lifeguard supervision

Bahrain [85]

Primary

P

Administrative

Y

Tourism

N

Iran [42, 43, 49]

Pakistan [71]

Primary

P

Administrative

N

–

Iran [40]

Primary

E ^a

Administrative

N

–

Lifeguard supervision (female lifeguards)

Pakistan [75]

Primary

P

Administrative

N

–

Lifeguard supervision (multilingual lifeguards)

Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine and Tunisia [81]

Primary

P

Administrative

Y

Tourism

Lifeguard supervision (police presence at beaches)

Pakistan [75]

Primary

P

Administrative

Y

Police

Personal flotation devices

Bahrain [30]

Primary

P

Administrative

N

–

N

Public education

Iran [42, 43]

Palestine [93]

Saudi Arabia [60]

Primary

P

Administrative

Y

Media

Y – Strengthen public awareness of drowning through strategic communications

Pakistan [76]

Palestine [93]

Primary

P

Administrative

Y

Health

Iran [40]

Primary

E*

Administrative

Y

Health & Media

Restrict access to water

Bahrain [30]

Pakistan [73]

Primary

P

Isolation

N

–

Y – Install barriers controlling access to water

Iran [43]

Primary

P

Isolation

Y

Local government

Iran [40]

Primary

E ^a

Elimination

Y

Provincial government

Spa regulations

Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine & Tunisia [81]

Primary

P

Administrative

Y

Tourism

N

Signage

Jordan [90]

Primary

I

Engineering

N

–

N

Swimming and Water Safety Training

Bahrain [30] Iran [42, 43, 49]

Primary

P

Administrative

N

–

Y – Teach school-age children swimming and water safety skills

Vehicle modification

Afghanistan and Iraq [79]

Primary

I

Engineering

Y

Ministry of Defence

N

Vehicle operational procedures

Afghanistan and Iraq [79]

Primary

I

Administrative

Y

Ministry of Defence

N

Vehicle-related water safety training

Afghanistan and Iraq [79]

Secondary

I

Administrative

Y

Ministry of Defence

N