Health-related quality of life, health literacy and COVID-19-related worries of 16- to 17-year-old adolescents and parents one year into the pandemic: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents and parents

Adolescent characteristics	Total (N = 215)	Boys (n = 66)	Girls (n = 149)	P-value
Age, median (min, max)	16.0 (16.0, 18.0)	16.0 (16.0, 18.0)	16.0 (16.0, 18.0)	.942
Adult members of the household, N (%) ^a				.927
Both parents	154 (71.6)	48 (72.7)	106 (71.1)
Alternates between two parents	32 (14.9)	10 (15.2)	22 (14.8)
One parent and/or other caregivers	29 (13.5)	8 (12.1)	21 (14.1)
Parent characteristics	Total (N = 320)	Men (n = 62)	Women (n = 258)	P-value
Age, mean (SD)	47.6 (4.6)	49.1 (4.8)	47.2 (4.5)	.022
Marital status, N (%) ^b				.528
Married/cohabitant	252 (78.8)	47 (75.8)	205 (79.5)
Single/divorced	68 (21.3)	15 (24.2)	53 (20.5)
Education level, N (%) ^c				.558
≤ 12 years and/or certificate of apprenticeship	61 (19.1)	9 (14.5)	52 (20.2)
13–15 years (< 4 years of higher education)	73 (22.8)	16 (25.8)	57 (22.1)
≥ 16 years (≥ 4 years of higher education)	186 (58.1)	37 (59.7)	149 (57.8)
Work status, N (%) ^d
Yes, full time	250 (78.1)	59 (95.2)	191 (74.0)
Yes, part time	42 (13.1)	1 (1.6)	41 (15.9)
No, not employed	28 (8.8)	2 (3.2)	26 (10.1)
Household income, N (%) ^{d, e}
≤ 450,000 NOK/year	19 (5.9)	1 (1.6)	18 (7.0)
451,000–750,000 NOK/year	50 (15.6)	8 (12.9)	42 (16.3)
751,000–1,000,000 NOK/year	63 (19.7)	5 (8.1)	58 (22.5)
> 1,000,000 NOK/year	188 (58.8)	48 (77.4)	140 (54.3)

Continuous variables analyzed using an independent t-test and Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables analyzed with χ²-test
P-values marked with bold print indicate statistically significant differences between gender (P ≤ 0.05)
SD Standard deviation
^aThe variable was recoded into three categories: “Both parents,” “Alternates between two parents” and “One parent and/or other caregivers” (one parent and one step-parent, one parent, other caregivers)
^bThe variable was dichotomized as “Married/cohabitant” or “Single/divorced” (single, divorced, widowed)
^cThe variable was recoded into three categories: “≤ 12 years and/or certificate of apprenticeship” (9 years, 10–11 years, 12 years, certificate of apprenticeship), “13–15 years (< 4 years of higher education)” and “≥ 16 years (≥ 4 years of higher education)”
^dAssumptions for chi-square analysis were not fulfilled. Associations between pairs of variables were not assessed
^eThe variable was recoded into four categories: “≤ 450,000 NOK/year” (< 250,000 NOK/year and 250,000–450,000 NOK/year), “451,000–750,000 NOK/year,” “751,000–1,000,000 NOK/year” and “> 1,000,000 NOK/year”

ISSN: 1471-2458