Table 1 Demographic characteristics and agricultural information of maize farmers (N = 180)

Age (mean ± SD)

51.7 ± 8.8

Gender n (%)

Male

101 (56.1)

Female

79 (43.9)

Education n (%)

Primary school or lower

129 (71.7)

Secondary school or higher

51 (28.3)

BMI (kg/m²), (mean ± SD)

24 ± 3.9

Smoking status n (%)

Yes

21 (11.7)

No

159 (88.3)

Alcohol consumption

Yes

74 (41.1)

No

106 (58.9)

Co-morbidities n (%)

No

101 (56.1)

Yes

79 (43.9)

Respiratory diseases

31 (39.2)

Other co-morbidities

57 (72.2)

Distance between the house and agricultural area (km), median (P^25th-P^75th)

2 (1.8–2.3)

Type of herbicide spraying equipment

Backpack

7 (3.9)

Pump

173 (96.1)

Type of spray handle

High pressure

6 (3.3)

Normal pressure

174 (96.7)

Length of spray handle (cm), median (P^25th-P^75th)

82 (82–82)

Duration of glyphosate application (years), median (P^25th-P^75th)

12 (10–20)

Exposure time (hours/day), median (P^25th-P^75th)

3 (2–5)

Amounts of glyphosate use (liters/day), median (P^25th-P^75th)

600 (400–1,000)

Intensity levels of exposure, median (P^25th-P^75th)^a

9.6 (4.8–14.4)