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Table 3 Regressions estimating the association between frequency of leisure activity engagement at age 42 and the eight domains of SF-36 measured at age 46 (N = 5,639)

From: Frequency of leisure activity engagement and health functioning over a 4-year period: a population-based study amongst middle-aged adults

Leisure activity variables

SF-36 domains

PF

SF

BP

GH

VT

MH

RE

RP

Physical activity

Coef (95%CI)

Coef (95%CI)

Coef (95%CI)

Coef (95%CI)

Coef (95%CI)

Coef (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

  2 to 3 times a month

1.10 (-0.50-2.72)

-0.12 (-1.80-1.56)

1.17 (-0.62-2.96)

0.65 (-0.80-2.11)

0.92 (-0.71-2.55)

0.12 (-1.27-1.51)

1.11 (0.88-1.39)

0.96 (0.76-1.21)

  1 to 3 days a week

2.31** (0.99-3.63)

-0.09 (-1.47-1.28)

1.05 (-0.41-2.52)

2.89*** (1.70-4.09)

2.47*** (1.13-3.81)

0.15 (-0.98-1.29)

0.98 (0.81-1.18)

0.96 (0.79-1.17)

  4 to 5 days a week

2.56** (0.78-4.34)

-0.98 (-2.84-0.88)

1.15 (-0.84 – 3.13)

3.90*** (2.28-5.51)

4.48*** (2.67-6.28)

-0.62 (-2.15-0.92)

1.00 (0.77-1.29)

0.94 (0.72-1.22)

  Everyday

2.80** (0.97-4.63)

-0.34 (-2.26-1.57)

1.85 (-0.19-3.89)

4.52*** (2.86-6.18)

3.93*** (2.07 – 5.80)

0.77 (-0.81-2.35)

1.23 (0.94-1.61)

1.07 (0.81-1.40)

Culture engagement

  At least once a year

0.17 (-1.89-2.24)

1.60 (-0.56-3.76)

-0.29 (-2.02-2.59)

1.36 (-0.51-3.24)

0.34 (-1.76-2.44)

0.30 (-1.49 – 2.09)

0.80 (0.59-1.08)

1.08 (0.80-1.45)

  Several times a year

2.33* (0.41-4.24)

3.23** (1.23-5.23)

0.62 (-1.51-2.76)

1.73 (-0.00-3.47)

0.37 (-1.58-2.31)

1.36 (-0.29 – 3.01)

0.83 (0.63-1.10)

1.13 (0.85-1.48)

  At least once a month/at least once a week

1.12 (-1.19-3.43)

1.41 (-1.00-3.82)

1.33 (-1.25-3.90)

1.86 (-0.23-3.94)

1.06 (-1.28-3.40)

0.77 (-1.22-2.76)

0.91 (0.65-1.28)

1.29 (0.92-1.81)

Arts participation

  Less often/at least once a year

-0.39 (-1.78 – 0.99)

-0.14 (-1.59-1.30)

-1.28 (-2.83 – 0.26)

-1.01 (-2.26-0.25)

0.00 (-1.41-1.41)

-0.10 (-1.30-1.09)

0.89 (0.73-1.09)

0.82 (0.67 – 1.01)

  Several times a year

0.42 (-0.96-1.81)

-1.31 (-2.76-0.13)

-1.72* (-3.26--0.18)

-1.61* (-2.87--0.36)

-0.12 (-1.52-1.29)

-0.28 (-1.47-0.92)

0.90 (0.74-1.10)

0.77* (0.63-0.95)

  At least once a month

-1.70* (-3.39--0.01)

-1.54 (-3.31-0.23)

-2.48* (-4.37--0.60)

-2.21** (-3.74--0.68)

-0.15 (-1.87-1.57)

0.41 (-1.05-1.87)

0.81 (0.64 – 1.03)

0.79 (0.62 – 1.02)

  At least once a week

-2.16** (-3.67--0.65)

-2.07* (-3.65--0.49)

-3.00*** (-4.69--1.32)

-3.26*** (-4.63--1.89)

-1.04 (-2.57-0.50)

-0.64 (-1.94-0.67)

0.77* (0.62-0.95)

0.69** (0.56-0.86)

Volunteering/community groups

  Less often

-0.16 (-1.63-1.31)

-1.14 (-2.67-0.40)

-0.92 (-2.56-0.72)

0.11 (-1.23-1.44)

-0.03 (-1.52-1.47)

-0.48 (-1.75-0.79)

0.80* (0.65-0.98)

0.80* (0.65-0.99)

  At least once a year/several times a year

-0.30 (-1.63 – 1.04)

-1.51* (-2.90--0.12)

0.53 (-0.95 – 2.01)

-0.05 (-1.26-1.15)

0.57 (-0.78-1.92)

-0.16 (-1.31 – 0.99)

0.73** (0.61-0.88)

0.98 (0.80-1.19)

  At least once a month/at least once a week

-0.09 (-1.48-1.29)

0.06 (-1.38-1.51)

-0.17 (-1.72-1.37)

0.63 (-0.63-1.88)

1.77* (0.37-3.18)

0.81 (-0.38 – 2.00)

0.89 (0.73-1.09)

0.79* (0.65-0.97)

Literature activities

  At least once a year

1.07 (-0.98-3.12)

-1.60 (-3.74 – 0.55)

-0.87 (-3.16-1.41)

-1.15 (-3.00 – 0.71)

-3.31** (-5.39--1.23)

-2.16* (-3.93 – 0.39)

1.09 (0.80-1.48)

0.82 (0.60 – 1.13)

  Several times a year

0.95 (-0.91 – 2.81)

-0.54 (-2.48 – 1.40)

-0.35 (-2.42-1.72)

-2.32** (-4.01--0.64)

-2.66** (-4.55--0.77)

-0.97 (-2.57-0.63)

0.90 (0.68-1.18)

0.70* (0.53 – 0.93)

  At least once a month

0.75 (-1.05 – 2.55)

-2.07* (-3.95--0.19)

0.11 (-1.90 – 2.12)

-0.54 (-2.17-1.09)

-2.03* (-3.86--0.20)

-2.83*** (-4.38 – 1.27)

0.78 (0.60-1.01)

0.78 (0.59-1.03)

  At least once a week

1.49 (-0.20-3.18)

-0.75 (-2.52-1.01)

-0.26 (-2.14-1.63)

-0.64 (-2.17 – 0.89)

-1.91* (-3.63--0.19)

-2.01** (-3.47 – 0.55)

0.94 (0.73-1.21)

0.76* (0.59 – 0.99)

  1. The reference group for all models is “never”. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. The models were adjusted for gender, ethnicity, partnership status, whether they lived alone, whether they had children, socioeconomic status, education level, employment status, tenure, whether they have a limiting long-standing illness, baseline mental health problems and self-reported health while controlling for the other leisure activities. Outcomes: physical functioning (PF), social functioning (SF), bodily pain (BP; reverse coded), general health (GH), vitality (VT), mental health (MH), role limitations due to physical health problems (RP; coded to 1 = fully role functioning and 0 = not fully role functioning), role limitations due to emotional problems (RE; coded to 1 = fully functioning and 0 = not fully functioning)