Table 6 Factors associated with ever had a colonoscopy
Ever had a colonoscopy | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 975) | Yes (n = 342) | ORU | p-value | ORA (95% CI) | p-value | |
Predisposing factors | ||||||
Age (years)† | 64.7 (7.1) | 65.3 (7.2) | 1.13 | 0.179 | 1.41 (1.08–1.84) | 0.012 |
Sex | ||||||
Male (ref) | 386 (72.7%) | 145 (27.3%) | 1 | NE | ||
Female | 589 (74.9%) | 197 (25.1%) | 0.89 | 0.363 | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Never married (ref) | 74 (72.5%) | 28 (27.5%) | 1 | NE | ||
Previously married | 93 (77.5%) | 27 (22.5%) | 0.77 | 0.395 | ||
Married | 808 (73.8%) | 287 (26.2%) | 0.94 | 0.785 | ||
Educational level | ||||||
No formal education / primary (ref) | 362 (76.2%) | 113 (23.8%) | 1 | NR | ||
Secondary | 451 (75.4%) | 147 (24.6%) | 1.04 | 0.763 | ||
Post-secondary | 89 (69.0%) | 40 (31.0%) | 1.44 | 0.096 | ||
University | 73 (63.5%) | 42 (36.5%) | 1.84 | 0.006 | ||
Have a part-time/full-time job | ||||||
No (ref) | 679 (72.9%) | 252 (27.1%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 296 (76.7%) | 90 (23.3%) | 0.82 | 0.158 | ||
Health-related beliefs | ||||||
Perceived risk† | 2.39 (0.80) | 2.43 (0.88) | 1.06 | 0.428 | NE | |
Perceived severity† | 2.40 (0.66) | 2.44 (0.69) | 1.09 | 0.350 | NE | |
Perceived benefits† | 3.87 (0.85) | 4.16 (0.78) | 1.60 | < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.18–1.66) | < 0.001 |
Perceived barriers† | 2.54 (0.53) | 2.27 (0.55) | 0.40 | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.29–0.48) | < 0.001 |
Enabling factors | ||||||
Monthly household income (HK$) | ||||||
< 10,000 (ref) | 526 (72.4%) | 201 (27.6%) | 1 | 1 | ||
10,000 – 19,999 | 166 (87.4%) | 24 (12.6%) | 0.38 | < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.32–0.88) | 0.014 |
20,000 – 29,999 | 104 (75.9%) | 33 (24.1%) | 0.83 | 0.390 | 1.05 (0.63–1.76) | 0.840 |
≥ 30,000 | 179 (68.1%) | 84 (31.9%) | 1.23 | 0.188 | 1.36 (0.89–2.09) | 0.153 |
Have health insurance | ||||||
No (ref) | 703 (77.8%) | 201 (22.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 272 (65.9%) | 141 (34.1%) | 1.81 | < 0.001 | 2.05 (1.48–2.84) | < 0.001 |
Health practice | ||||||
Have regular primary care service provider | ||||||
No (ref) | 377 (83.8%) | 73 (16.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 598 (69.0%) | 269 (31.0%) | 2.32 | < 0.001 | 1.60 (1.16–2.21) | 0.004 |
CRC cancer screening accessible at your primary care service provider | ||||||
No (ref) | 706 (76.1%) | 222 (23.9%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 269 (69.2%) | 120 (30.8%) | 1.42 | 0.009 | ||
Frequency of visiting a doctor in the past year | ||||||
0 (ref) | 211 (84.4%) | 39 (15.6%) | 1 | 1 | ||
1–2 | 253 (76.7%) | 77 (23.3%) | 1.65 | 0.022 | 1.40 (0.87–2.24) | 0.165 |
3–4 | 266 (75.1%) | 88 (24.9%) | 1.79 | 0.006 | 1.93 (1.19–3.13) | 0.008 |
≥ 5 | 245 (64.0%) | 138 (36.0%) | 3.05 | < 0.001 | 3.53 (2.21–5.65) | < 0.001 |
Had ever undergone other cancer screenings except CRC | ||||||
No (ref) | 703 (77.4%) | 205 (22.6%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 272 (66.5%) | 137 (33.5%) | 1.73 | < 0.001 | ||
Utilization of complementary therapies: | ||||||
Use of acupuncture | ||||||
Not at all/ a little (ref) | 803 (75.5%) | 260 (24.5%) | 1 | NR | ||
Sometimes | 120 (69.0%) | 54 (31.0%) | 1.39 | 0.066 | ||
Often/ always | 52 (65.0%) | 28 (35.0%) | 1.66 | 0.038 | ||
Use of cupping | ||||||
Not at all/ a little (ref) | 862 (74.8%) | 290 (25.2%) | 1 | NR | ||
Sometimes | 84 (68.3%) | 39 (31.7%) | 1.38 | 0.117 | ||
Often/ always | 29 (69.0%) | 13 (31.0%) | 1.33 | 0.399 | ||
Use of Chinese herbal medicine | ||||||
Not at all/ a little (ref) | 659 (74.4%) | 227 (25.6%) | 1 | NE | ||
Sometimes | 239 (74.7%) | 81 (25.3%) | 0.98 | 0.914 | ||
Often/ always | 77 (69.4%) | 34 (30.6%) | 1.28 | 0.259 | ||
Use of bonesetting | ||||||
Not at all/ a little (ref) | 854 (73.8%) | 303 (26.2%) | 1 | NE | ||
Sometimes | 98 (73.7%) | 35 (26.3%) | 1.01 | 0.975 | ||
Often/ always | 23 (85.2%) | 4 (14.8%) | 0.49 | 0.191 | ||
Use of tuina (Chinese massage) | ||||||
Not at all/ a little (ref) | 743 (75.6%) | 240 (24.4%) | 1 | NR | ||
Sometimes | 162 (69.8%) | 70 (30.2%) | 1.34 | 0.071 | ||
Often/ always | 70 (68.6%) | 32 (31.4%) | 1.42 | 0.124 | ||
CRC screening-related information acquisition | ||||||
Do you know there is government subsidy from CRC screening programme | ||||||
No (ref) | 209 (78.3%) | 58 (21.7%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 766 (73.0%) | 284 (27.0%) | 1.34 | 0.077 | ||
Had ever used the government subsidy for CRC screening | ||||||
No (ref) | 674 (76.2%) | 211 (23.8%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 301 (69.7%) | 131 (30.3%) | 1.39 | 0.012 | ||
Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from community centres | ||||||
No (ref) | 774 (74.1%) | 271 (25.9%) | 1 | NE | ||
Yes | 201 (73.9%) | 71 (26.1%) | 1.01 | 0.955 | ||
Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from media | ||||||
No (ref) | 283 (80.2%) | 70 (19.8%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 692 (71.8%) | 272 (28.2%) | 1.59 | 0.002 | ||
Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from booklets | ||||||
No (ref) | 727 (76.1%) | 228 (23.9%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 248 (68.5%) | 114 (31.5%) | 1.47 | 0.005 | ||
Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from promotion video | ||||||
No (ref) | 431 (78.2%) | 120 (21.8%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 544 (71.0%) | 222 (29.0%) | 1.47 | 0.003 | ||
Had ever received information about cancer prevention and screening from health talks | ||||||
No (ref) | 782 (75.3%) | 256 (24.7%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 193 (69.2%) | 86 (30.8%) | 1.36 | 0.038 | ||
Prompt to have a CRC screening | ||||||
Had ever prompted by doctor to have a CRC screening | ||||||
No (ref) | 613 (79.9%) | 154 (20.1%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 362 (65.8%) | 188 (34.2%) | 2.07 | < 0.001 | 2.19 (1.65–2.91) | < 0.001 |
Had ever prompted by nurse to have a CRC screening | ||||||
No (ref) | 823 (75.8%) | 263 (24.2%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 152 (65.8%) | 79 (34.2%) | 1.63 | 0.002 | ||
Had ever prompted by friend to have a CRC screening | ||||||
No (ref) | 777 (75.5%) | 252 (24.5%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 198 (68.8%) | 90 (31.3%) | 1.40 | 0.021 | ||
Had ever prompted by family to have a CRC screening | ||||||
No (ref) | 706 (76.5%) | 217 (23.5%) | 1 | NR | ||
Yes | 269 (68.3%) | 125 (31.7%) | 1.51 | 0.002 | ||
Needs factors | ||||||
Family history of colorectal cancer | ||||||
No (ref) | 866 (75.6%) | 279 (24.4%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 109 (63.4%) | 63 (36.6%) | 1.70 | 0.001 | 1.78 (1.22–2.60) | 0.003 |
Health status | ||||||
Perceived health status | ||||||
Excellent/very good (ref) | 116 (78.4%) | 32 (21.6%) | 1 | NE | ||
Good | 399 (74.6%) | 136 (25.4%) | 1.24 | 0.343 | ||
Fair | 407 (72.4%) | 155 (27.6%) | 1.38 | 0.144 | ||
Poor | 53 (73.6%) | 19 (26.4%) | 1.30 | 0.432 | ||
Number of chronic diseases | ||||||
None (ref) | 472 (75.8%) | 151 (24.2%) | 1 | NR | ||
1 | 287 (74.7%) | 97 (25.3%) | 1.06 | 0.714 | ||
2 | 121 (72.9%) | 45 (27.1%) | 1.16 | 0.447 | ||
≥ 3 | 95 (66.0%) | 49 (34.0%) | 1.61 | 0.016 | ||
Smoking status | ||||||
Never smoke (ref) | 776 (73.1%) | 285 (26.9%) | 1 | NR | ||
Ex-smoker | 113 (72.4%) | 43 (27.6%) | 1.04 | 0.853 | ||
Current smoker | 86 (86.0%) | 14 (14.0%) | 0.44 | 0.006 | ||