Table 3 Themes, subthemes and codes of selected studies

Social factors

Environmental context

Environments that are supportive of individuals’ basic psychological needs

[20, 23, 24, 26]

Political leadership

Trust to authorities

[20, 26]

Multimedia

Using social media and tracing apps

[20,21,22]

Cultural factors

National culture

Traditional beliefs about health and illness

[22, 24, 25]

Religious culture

Religious cultures in different areas

[22, 25],

Family believes

family or friends who are following the COVID-19 preventive strategies

[23, 25]

Work culture

Different occupational culture

[20, 25]

Foreign culture

The effect of a foreign culture

[25]

Economic factors

Economic situation of individual

Income, employment rights, and food

[24, 26]

Government supports

providing free internet access at home

[20, 26, 27]

Infrastructures

Availability of necessary infrastructures

[21, 24, 26]

Personal factors

People experiences

Effect of experienced side effects with the annual flu shot.

[20, 24]

Cognitive ability

Risk perceptions influence individual protective behaviors

[20,21,22,23,24, 26, 27]

Physical factors

Different sex and different level of compliance

[20, 24]

Different motivational level

Motivating by appeals to adhere to government instructions, some by duty to the community, and some to personal risk

[23, 26]

Sense of responsibility

Understanding of, or feelings of responsibility about, people’s role

[20, 26]