Table 2 Socio- cultural factors affecting ECD
Themes | Subthemes | examples | Relation |
|---|---|---|---|
The socio-cultural setting of society | Social inequities | - Inequity in children’s access to quality health services, nutrition, care and education in early childhood and significant differences in children’s chances of achieving potential development | (NGO-P 28) |
Uneven urban development | - Consequences of a violent city, the spread of marginalization and the impacts of an insecure environment on the physical, psychological and social development of children | (PM32) | |
- Change of lifestyle, increasing social harms and their negative consequences for children’s development | (Aca26) | ||
- Lack of play spaces and reduced child-friendly environments | (CSP18) | ||
Decrease in social capital | - Reducing social stability and cohesion, social cooperation and participation and its negative effects on family stability | (PM10) | |
- Reducing social and family relationships and its impact on children’s development | (M17) | ||
Misconceptions and ignorance of society about ECD | - Lack of awareness and knowledge about the importance of ECD, it’s various dimensions and the influential factors | (PM31) | |
- Existing misconceptions in society about nurturing methods such as using physical punishment | (NGO-P 11) | ||
Development of communication technology and media | - Increasing parents’ awareness and knowledge about the importance of childhood and proper nurturing methods | (M17) | |
- Increasing the need for media literacy in parents to identify correct and incorrect information as well as managing children’s use of technology | (Aca37) | ||
- The positive and negative effects of using technology on children’s development | (CSP16) | ||
Issues in the national educational system | - Lack of attention to sustainable and comprehensive development of children in the education system | (PM 15) | |
- Relying solely on the transfer of knowledge in the education system and not addressing the development of children | (M 27) | ||
- Insufficient attention to teaching life skills and plays in kindergartens and primary schools | (PM13) | ||
- Having children who have dropped out of school as well as the fact that not all children are covered in preschool programs | (PM36) | ||
The socio-cultural setting of family | Social-demographic factors of family | - Affecting the quality of life of children and their access to health care services, adequate nutrition, quality care and education in early childhood by demographic variables of families such as parental education | (PM 19) |
parenting style | - Nurturing methods and theirs negative or positive effects on the formation of the child’s personality and poor or appropriate physical, psychological, emotional, social, cognitive and spiritual development of children | (NGO-P2) | |
Information and educational poverty of children in the family | - Lack of awareness in children about their rights, life skills, how to solve problems, how to communicate with others, etc. | (CSP35) | |
Family harms | - Development of various mental disorders in children such as fear and anxiety, feelings of insecurity, depression, aggression, guilt, pessimism, etc. due to problems in the family and the formation of a negative and insecure parent-child relationship | (CSP30) |