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Table 3 Association between COVID-19 related knowledge and Fear of SARS-COV-2 infection

From: Knowledge deficit and fear of COVID-19 among higher education students during the first wave of the pandemic and implications for public health: a multi-country cross-sectional survey

Variables

Category

Afraid

Unafraid

P Value

Crude OR

95%CI lower

95%CI upper

Adjusted ORa

95%CI lower

95%CI upper

Age group

17–19 years

6606

8126

< 0.01

1

ref

Ref

1

ref

ref

20–22 years

18,161

22,183

0.71

1.007

0.96

1.04

1.03

0.98

1.08

23-25 years

9534

12,563

0.01

0.93

0.89

0.97

1.01

0.96

1.07

26–28 years

3257

4050

0.70

0.98

0.93

1.04

1.10

1.02

1.18

> = 29 years

4823

4860

< 0.01

1.22

1.15

1.28

1.20

1.12

1.28

Sex

Male

9026

16,424

< 0.01

1

ref

Ref

1

Ref

ref

female

33,071

35,033

< 0.01

1.71

1.66

1·76

1.68

1.63

1.74

X

284

325

< 0.01

1.59

1.35

1.86

1.45

1.21

1.75

Educational level

Bachelor

27,883

33,093

< 0.01

1

ref

ref

1

ref

Ref

Master

9365

12,539

< 0.01

0.88

0.85

0.91

0.97

0.93

1.01

PhD

1746

2146

0.29

0.96

0.90

1.03

0.94

0.86

1.02

other

2428

3040

0.06

0.94

0.89

1.002

0.96

0.90

1.03

Field of study

Non- health field

32,530

38,912

< 0.01

1

ref

ref

1

Ref

ref

Health

7975

10,903

< 0.01

0.87

0.84

0.90

0.77

0.74

0.80

Underlying medical condition

None

34,319

45,043

< 0.01

1

ref

ref

1

ref

Ref

present

6960

5717

< 001

1.59

1.54

1.66

1.53

1.46

1.60

Prefer not to say

1036

966

< 001

1.40

1.29

1.54

1.53

1.37

1.71

Personal network infection history

Yes

17,123

19,482

< 001

1

ref

ref

1

ref

ref

No

25,178

32,205

< 001

0.88

0.86

0.91

0.99

0.96

1.03

Govt Timely info.

Strongly agree

4234

6187

< 0.01

ref

ref

ref

1

ref

ref

agree

14,007

18,941

0.007

1.08

1.03

1.12

1.11

1.05

1.17

Neither agree nor disagree

8947

10,495

< 0.01

1.24

1.18

1.30

1.21

1.15

1.29

disagree

9688

10,327

< 0.01

1.37

1.30

1.43

1.34

1.26

1.42

Strongly agree

4543

4672

< 0.01

1.42

1.34

1.50

1.42

1.32

1.52

Total knowledge

Good

29,576

36,435

0.013

ref

ref

ref

Ref

ref

ref

Poor

12,790

12,472

0.013

0.96

0.94

0.99

1.05

1.01

1.08

Variables

Mean

β

SD

P-value

Crude OR

95%CI lower

95%CI upper

Adjusted ORa

95%CI lower

95%CI upper

Risk perception

4.14

0.19

0.003

< 0.01

1.197

1.190

1.20

1.21

1.20

1.22

Alcohol use increasea

−0.34

0.09

0.009

< 0.01

1.09

1.03

1.11

1.09

1.07

1.11

Smoking increasea

−0.097

−0.03

0.01

< 0.01

0.94

0.92

0.96

0.96

0.95

0.98

Moderate physical activity increasea

−0.42

−0.02

0.004

< 0.01

0.94

0.94

0.95

0.97

0.96

0.98

Vigorous physical activity increasea

−0.144

− 0.001

0.005

0.79

0.99

0.98

1

0.99

0.98

1.00

Sufficient

Financial resources increasea

−0.379

− 0.12

0.007

< 0.01

0.86

0.85

0.87

0.88

0.87

0.89

Measurement adherence

8.023

0.16

0.004

< 0.01

1.20

1.19

1.21

1.17

1.16

1.18

  1. aIncrease– refers to the positive increase in a variable during the COVID-19 minus before the COVID-19 pandemic measurements