The power of local research to inform adverse childhood experiences in substance use prevention in adolescents and adults

Table 4 BRFSS logistic regression results of past 30-day substance use on ACEs

VARIABLES	Cigarettes	E-cigarettes	Days with 1 or more drinks	Binge Drinking	Illicit Drugs
	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]
ACEs (ref. = 0 ACEs)
1–3 ACEs	1.49**	1.80*	1.82***	1.56**	3.93**
	[1.13–1.98]	[1.00–3.23]	[1.53–2.16]	[1.12–2.17]	[1.59–9.76]
4–6 ACEs	3.25***	4.29***	1.94***	2.42***	12.82***
	[2.24–4.74]	[2.15–8.56]	[1.46–2.57]	[1.55–3.79]	[4.85–33.90]
Covariates
Age	0.98***	0.97***	0.99**	0.97***	0.97***
	[0.98–0.99]	[0.96–0.97]	[0.99–1.00]	[0.96–0.97]	[0.96–0.97]
Male	1.25*	1.23	1.51***	2.32***	2.66***
	[1.05–1.48]	[0.89–1.69]	[1.35–1.69]	[1.89–2.85]	[1.85–3.84]
Education levels	0.65***	0.79**	1.47***	1.04	1.06
	[0.60–0.71]	[0.68–0.93]	[1.39–1.56]	[0.93–1.15]	[0.88–1.28]
Race (ref. = White)
Black	1.10	0.90	1.01	1.21	0.85
	[0.65–1.85]	[0.35–2.30]	[0.69–1.49]	[0.67–2.21]	[0.30–2.43]
Other	0.74	0.51*	0.47***	0.67*	0.57
	[0.55–1.00]	[0.28–0.92]	[0.38–0.58]	[0.47–0.95]	[0.31–1.06]
Multiracial	1.74	0.64	0.67	0.85	1.62
	[0.93–3.27]	[0.15–2.76]	[0.40–1.11]	[0.35–2.05]	[0.55–4.80]
Hispanic	0.57***	0.47**	0.75**	0.95	0.23***
	[0.43–0.76]	[0.27–0.81]	[0.63–0.91]	[0.70–1.29]	[0.10–0.55]
Observations	5326	5326	5132	5279	5296

Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001; OR odds ratios; 95%CI 95% Confidence intervals; ref. reference group

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