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Table 5 Bivariate analysis of the dichotomized Interpersonal Relationships score in the surveyed Venezuelan immigrants in commercial zones of Lima, Peru (N = 143)

From: Association between time of residence and self-perception of distress, interpersonal relationships, and social role in Venezuelan immigrants in Lima, Peru 2018–19: mixed-methods study

Variables

Clinically Significant

Not Clinically Significant

p-value*

(n = 19)

(n = 124)

Gender

 Masculine

13

(15.7%)

70

(84.3%)

p = 0.455

 Feminine

6

(10.0%)

54

(90.0%)

Age (median, IQR)

22

(20 – 28)

26.5

(23 – 35)

p = 0.011†

Age groupa

 18–19

2

(25.0%)

6

(75.0%)

p = 0.177††

 20–24

9

(18.8%)

39

(81.2%)

 

 25–59

8

(9.2%)

79

(90.8%)

 

Civil statusb

 Without partner

18

(16.8%)

89

(83.2%)

p = 0.044

 With partner

1

(2.8%)

35

(97.2%)

Education level

 Primary

0

(0.0%)

3

(100.0%)

p = 0.420

 Secondary

9

(18.8%)

39

(81.2%)

 Higher educationc

10

(10.9%)

82

(89.1%)

Raced

 White

3

(5.9%)

48

(94.1%)

p = 0.249

 Colored

15

(18.5%)

68

(81.5%)

 Black

1

(14.3%)

6

(85.7%)

 Indigenous

0

(0.0%)

1

(100.0%)

 Other

0

(0.0%)

3

(100.0%)

 

Monthly income (soles)e

  < 930

5

(12.5%)

35

(87.5%)

p = 0.863††

  ≥ 930

14

(13.6%)

89

(86.4%)

 

Months in Peru (median, IQR)

6

(3 – 9)

7

(4–10)

p = 0.623†

Migratory qualityf

 Without work permit

2

(25.0%)

6

(75.0%)

p = 0.288

 With work permit

17

(12.6%)

118

(87.4%)

 

First entry point into Peru

 Lima/Callao

2

(14.3%)

12

(85.7%)

p = 0.505

 Piura

0

(0.0%)

12

(100.0%)

 

 Tumbes

17

(14.8%)

98

(85.2%)

 

Home region

 Andean

2

(16.7%)

10

(83.3%)

p = 0.801

 Capital

3

(8.3%)

33

(91.7%)

 Central

5

(16.1%)

26

(83.9%)

 

 Guayana

2

(28.6%)

5

(71.4%)

 

 Insular

0

(0.0%)

4

(100.0%)

 

 Llanos

0

(0.0%)

3

(100.0%)

 

 Eastern

3

(18.8%)

13

(81.2%)

 

 Central-Western

2

(10.0%)

18

(90.0%)

 

 Zulia

2

(20.0%)

8

(90.0%)

 

Travel method

 Foot

0

(0.0%)

1

(100.0%)

p = 0.754

 Bus

16

(13.0%)

107

(87.0%)

 

 Air

2

(14.3%)

12

(85.7%)

 

 Mixedh

1

(20.0%)

4

(80.0%)

 
  1. *p < 0.050 using Fisher exact test except those marked with † or †† where Mann-Whitney U test or chi-squared test were used, respectively
  2. aAge groups are according to the World Health Organization, 2017
  3. bWith partner includes married (13.3%) and cohabitant (11.9%); without partner includes single (74.1%), and widowed (0.7%)
  4. cHigher education includes university, institute, technical career, without importance to whether it was finalized
  5. dBased on designations in the 2011 Venezuelan Census. Other refers to any other self-reported race that is not explicitly mentioned
  6. eThe minimum wage in Peru is 930 soles (April 1, 2018)
  7. fWithout work permit incudes refugee claimant (2.1%) and tourist (3.5%); with work permit includes Temporary Permit of Permanence (85.3%), resident (2.1%), family of resident (0.7%), refugee (2.8%), and immigrant (3.5%)
  8. gPolitical-administrative regions are according to the Government of Venezuela (June 7, 1969)
  9. hAny combination of more than one travel method
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