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Table 4 Bivariate analysis of the dichotomized Symptom Distress score in the surveyed Venezuelan immigrants in commercial zones of Lima, Peru (N = 143)

From: Association between time of residence and self-perception of distress, interpersonal relationships, and social role in Venezuelan immigrants in Lima, Peru 2018–19: mixed-methods study

Variables

Clinically Significant

Not Clinically Significant

p-value*

(n = 4)

(n = 139)

Gender

 Masculine

2

(3.3%)

81

(97.6%)

p = 1.000

 Feminine

2

(2.4%)

58

(96.7%)

Age (median, IQR)

22.5

(18 – 33)

26

(22 – 33)

p = 0.303†

Age groupa

 18–19

2

(25.0%)

6

(75.0%)

p = 0.009

 20–24

0

(0.0%)

48

(100.0%)

 

 25–59

2

(2.3%)

85

(97.7%)

 

Civil statusb

 Without partner

3

(2.8%)

104

(97.2%)

p = 1.000

 With partner

1

(2.8%)

35

(97.2%)

Education level

 Primary

0

(0.0%)

3

(100.0%)

p = 0.639

 Secondary

2

(4.2%)

46

(95.8%)

 Higher educationc

2

(2.2%)

90

(97.8%)

Raced

 White

1

(2.0%)

50

(98.0%)

p = 1.000

 Colored

3

(3.7%)

78

(96.3%)

 Black

0

(0.0%)

7

(100.0%)

 Indigenous

0

(0.0%)

1

(100.0%)

 Other

0

(0.0%)

3

(100.0%)

 

Monthly income (soles)e

  < 930

1

(2.5%)

39

(97.5%)

p = 1.000

  ≥ 930

3

(2.9%)

100

(97.1%)

 

Months in Peru (median, IQR)

4.5

(2–8.5)

7

(4–10)

p = 0.320†

Migratory qualityf

 Without work permit

0

(0.0%)

8

(100.0%)

p = 1.000

 With work permit

4

(3.0%)

131

(97.0%)

 

First entry point into Peru

 Lima/Callao

1

(7.1%)

13

(92.9%)

p = 0.155

 Piura

1

(8.3%)

11

(91.7%)

 

 Tumbes

2

(1.7%)

113

(98.3%)

 

Home region

 Andean

0

(0.0%)

12

(100.0%)

p = 0.071

 Capital

0

(0.0%)

36

(100.0%)

 Central

1

(3.2%)

30

(96.8%)

 

 Guayana

2

(28.6%)

5

(71.4%)

 

 Insular

0

(0.0%)

4

(100.0%)

 

 Llanos

0

(0.0%)

3

(100.0%)

 

 Eastern

0

(0.0%)

16

(100.0%)

 

 Central-Western

1

(5.0%)

19

(95.0%)

 

 Zulia

0

(0.0%)

10

(100.0%)

 

Travel method

 Foot

0

(0.0%)

1

(100.0%)

p = 0.071

 Bus

2

(1.6%)

121

(98.4%)

 

 Air

1

(7.1%)

13

(92.9%)

 

 Mixedh

1

(20.0%)

4

(80.0%)

 
  1. *p < 0.050 using Fisher exact test except those marked with † or †† where Mann-Whitney U test or chi-squared test were used, respectively
  2. aAge groups are according to the World Health Organization, 2017
  3. bWith partner includes married (13.3%) and cohabitant (11.9%); without partner includes single (74.1%), and widowed (0.7%)
  4. cHigher education includes university, institute, technical career, without importance to whether it was finalized
  5. dBased on designations in the 2011 Venezuelan Census. Other refers to any other self-reported race that is not explicitly mentioned
  6. eThe minimum wage in Peru is 930 soles (April 1, 2018)
  7. fWithout work permit incudes refugee claimant (2.1%) and tourist (3.5%); with work permit includes Temporary Permit of Permanence (85.3%), resident (2.1%), family of resident (0.7%), refugee (2.8%), and immigrant (3.5%)
  8. gPolitical-administrative regions are according to the Government of Venezuela (June 7, 1969)
  9. hAny combination of more than one travel method
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