Characteristics | Worsening in smoking habit (multiple unconditional logistic regression analysis)b | Improvement in smoking habit (multinomial logistic regression analysis)c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Relapsing 13.2% of 539 subjects | Increasing n° of cigarettes per day 32.7% of 416a subjects | Quitting smoking 10.1% on 416a subjects | Still current smokers, but Decreasing n° of cigarettes/ per day 13.5% of 416a subjects | |
OR (95% CI) relapse vs not relapse | OR (95% CI) increase vs not increase | OR (95% CI) quit vs not quitting and no decrease | OR (95% CI) decrease vs not quitting and no decrease | |
Stressors related to COVID-19 | ||||
Fear of being infected and getting sick -d | 2.42 (1.04–5.64) | 2.03 (1.11–3.70) | 2.62 (0.73–9.34) | 0.78 (0.36–1.66) |
Fear of infecting others -d | 1.74 (0.94–3.20) | 2.00 (1.18–3.38) | 0.96 (0.41–2.25) | 0.93 (0.45–1.96) |
Sense of powerlessness in protecting oneself from contagion -d | 2.28 (1.13–4.58) | 2.53 (1.46–4.40) | 2.28 (0.85–6.12) | 0.82 (0.39–1.72) |
Sense of powerlessness in protecting loved ones from contagion -d | 1.80 (0.98–3.31) | 2.71 (1.60–4.58) | 0.94 (0.41–2.14) | 1.03 (0.50–2.15) |
Fear of losing loved ones due to virus -d | 1.78 (0.90–3.51) | 4.18 (2.14–8.15) | 1.12 (0.43–2.92) | 1.03 (0.45–2.37) |
Fear of dying due to the virus -d | 2.24 (1.15–4.34) | 2.45 (1.44–4.19) | 1.63 (0.66–4.04) | 0.96 (0.48–1.95) |
Anxiety in listening to news of the epidemic -d | 3.62 (1.74–7.50) | 1.90 (1.13–3.22) | 1.31 (0.57–3.04) | 1.27 (0.61–2.64) |
Stressors due to isolation | ||||
Impossibility/ fear of approaching health facilities while needed -d | 1.86 (1.03–3.37) | 1.25 (0.74–2.13) | 1.77 (0.76–4.09) | 0.81 (0.38–1.74) |
Fear of separating from loved ones for the quarantine regime -d | 1.59 (0.86–2.92) | 1.64 (0.96–2.81) | 2.39 (0.91–6.27) | 1.97 (0.82–4.69) |
Sense of powerlessness due to isolation -d | 2.79 (1.48–5.27) | 1.98 (1.18–3.34) | 0.64 (0.27–1.49) | 0.99 (0.47–2.09) |
Boredom due to isolationd | 2.74 (1.47–5.10) | 1.40 (0.82–2.38) | 0.83 (0.34–1.99) | 1.33 (0.60–2.93) |
Feelings of loneliness due to isolationd | 3.12 (1.69–5.78) | 1.73 (1.01–2.96) | 1.04 (0.47–2.30) | 1.07 (0.51–2.26) |
Social issues resulting from lockdown | ||||
Fear of being judged by the neighbors for exits dictated by reasons of need/work/etc. (e) | 2.39 (1.40–4.07) | 1.12 (0.71–1.75) | 0.73 (0.35–1.50) | 0.70 (0.37–1.32) |
Fear of being socially excluded due to the origin of regions affected by the virus (e) | 1.42 (0.84–2.39) | 1.30 (0.85–1.99) | 0.90 (0.46–1.77) | 0.51 (0.27–0.96) |
Worsening of family relationships during quarantine (e) | 2.29 (1.35–3.88) | 1.86 (1.22–2.84) | 0.82 (0.42–1.62) | 0.78 (0.42–1.42) |
Fear that nothing will be like before lockdown (9 March, 2020) d | 1.80 (0.87–3.76) | 3.16 (1.65–6.04) | 1.94 (0.61–6.21) | 0.67 (0.30–1.52) |
Professional and school issues | ||||
Fear of losing livelihoods/being fired (e) | 2.00 (1.17–3.42) | 1.05 (0.66–1.67) | 1.17 (0.58–2.35) | 0.81 (0.42–1.57) |
Reduction IN work and economic opportunities due to the need to stay at home with children because the closure of schools (e) | 1.72 (1.01–2.94) | 0.62 (0.37–1.03) | 0.82 (0.38–1.77) | 0.95 (0.48–1.89) |
Reduction in economic opportunities for redundancy fund (for company limitations from COVID-19) (e) | 1.29 (0.76–2.20) | 1.37 (0.87–2.15) | 1.04 (0.51–2.10) | 1.19 (0.63–2.25) |
Difficulty in managing children and teaching online (e) | 1.04 (0.59–1.83) | 0.80 (0.48–1.35) | 0.97 (0.45–2.13) | 0.94 (0.48–1.85) |
Difficulty in adapting to smart working (e) | 1.14 (0.64–2.04) | 1.54 (0.94–2.52) | 1.69 (0.82–3.48) | 0.99 (0.50–1.97) |