Factors associated with a change in smoking habit during the first COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian cross-sectional study among ever-smokers

Table 3 Distribution of the 539 ex-smokers and the 416^a current smokers before lockdown (multiple unconditional logistic regression analysis)

Characteristics	Total number of ex-smokers before lockdown^c	People relapsing during lockdown		Total number of current smokers before lockdown^c	People increasing n° of cigarettes per day during lockdown
Characteristics	Total number of ex-smokers before lockdown^c	%	OR^b (95% CI) Relapse vs not relapse	Total number of current smokers before lockdown^c	%	OR^b (95% CI) Increase vs not increase
Total	539	13.2		416^a	32.7
Sex
Men	235	12.3	1.00^d	160	27.5	1.00^d
Women	304	13.8	1.32 (0.77–2.24)	256	35.9	1.56 (1.00–2.44)
Age group (years)
18–39	113	11.5	1.00^d	124	31.5	1.00^d
40–54	197	15.7	1.21 (0.57–2.55)	147	28.6	0.73 (0.40–1.34)
55+	229	11.8	0.84 (0.39–1.79)	145	37.9	1.11 (0.61–2.03)
p for trend			0.423			0.481
Group of participants
SCSs	354	14.4	1.00^d	215	33.5	1.00^d
Healthcare provider	157	11.5	0.70 (0.38–1.27)	149	34.2	0.96 (0.60–1.53)
Students	28	7.1	0.40 (0.08–1.99)	52	25.0	0.55 (0.24–1.28)
Marital status
Married/cohabitants	331	11.8	1.00^d	196	35.7	1.00^d
Divorced/separated	68	16.2	1.43 (0.68–3.01)	66	37.9	0.95 (0.52–1.72)
Widowed	12	33.3	4.20 (1.15–15.3)	18	22.2	0.40 (0.12–1.28)
Single	128	13.3	1.22 (0.63–2.37)	136	27.2	0.69 (0.39–1.22)
Pack Years
I tertile – low (< 13)	154	13.0	1.00^d	148	23.6	1.00^d
II tertile	160	18.8	1.13 (0.54–2.35)	137	28.5	2.26 (1.12–4.53)
III tertile – high (≥28.35)	204	8.3	0.45 (0.19–1.05)	131	47.3	7.28 (3.19–16.6)
p for trend			0.033			< 0.001
Year of stop smoking				–	–	–
Before 2018	286	4.2	1.00^d	–	–	–
After 2018	246	21.1	7.22 (3.53–14.8)	–	–	–

Distribution of the 539 ex-smokers before lockdown and the 416^a current smokers before lockdown according to a worsening of smoking habits (relapse for ex-smokers before lockdown or increase in number of cigarettes per day for current smokers before lockdown) due to the COVID-19 lockdown: overall and by socio-demographic and smoking-related characteristics. Corresponding odds ratios^b (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). (northern Italy, 2020)
SCS Smoking Cessation Service, GHQ General Health Questionnaire, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
^aOf the total 423 current smokers before lockdown, seven subjects did not report their change in smoking habit during lockdown
^bEstimated by unconditional logistic regression models after adjustment for sex, age, group of participants (SCS; healthcare provider; students); estimates in bold are those statistically significant at the 0.05 level
^cThe sum does not add up to the total because of a few missing values
^dReference Category

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