Prenatal healthcare after sentencing reform: heterogeneous effects for prenatal healthcare access and equity

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Estimated changes in early and inadequate prenatal care before and after the policy across birthing person education and race/ethnicity

Outcome	Effect heterogeneity	Average % change in pre vs. post policy (95% CIs)		% Change in pre-policy trend vs. post-policy trend (95% CIs)
Outcome	Effect heterogeneity	Q1 County prison admissions increased the most	Q4 County Prison admissions decreased the most	Q1 County prison admissions increased the most	Q4 County Prison admissions decreased the most
First trimester prenatal care	Education
	> High school High school < High school	2.71 (1.62, 3.81) 3.99 (2.29, 5.72) 4.58 (0.73, 8.59)	0.80 (0.09, 1.52) 4.12 (3.02, 5.23) 8.13 (6.35, 9.95)	0.00% (-0.10, 0.11) 0.10% (-0.06, 0.27) 0.06% (-0.31, 0.44)	-0.03% (-0.08, 0.02) 0.23% (0.14, 0.32) 0.22% (0.06, 0.37)
	Race/ethnicity
	Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black	2.97 (2.01, 3.93) 6.14 (-1.97, 14.91)	1.55 (0.83, 2.29) 4.68 (3.22, 6.16)	0.04% (-0.05, 0.13) 0.25% (-0.53, 1.03)	-0.01% (-0.06, 0.04) 0.23% (0.11, 0.35)
Inadequate prenatal care	Education
	> High school High school < High school	-6.64 (-13.04, 0.22) 9.20 (1.09, 17.96) 5.25 (-0.02, 10.80)	-17.92 (-20.56, -15.20) -7.06 (-10.11, -3.91) -3.74 (-6.89, -0.48)	0.06% (-0.62, 0.76) 0.19% (-0.55, 0.95) -0.15% (-0.65, 0.35)	0.21% (-0.05, 0.48) -0.42% (-0.68, -0.15) -0.28% (-0.56, -0.00)
	Race/ethnicity
	Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black	3.49 (-0.73, 7.88) -3.17 (-19.13, 15.93)	-14.53 (-17.27, -11.71) -4.36 (-7.68, -0.93)	-0.02% (-0.42, 0.38) 0.23% (-1.47, 1.95)	0.23% (-0.03, 0.51) -0.37% (-0.62, -0.12)

Average percent change in each outcome was estimated from Poisson models with robust error variance that interacted a post policy variable with birthing person education and, separately, race/ethnicity. The change in pre- versus post-policy trends in each outcome were estimated by interacting the post-policy variable with a linear monthly time trend and birthing person education and, separately, race/ethnicity. All models were stratified across quartiles of post-policy changes in county prison admissions, and adjust for age, marital status, insurance type, crime rate, and included county-level fixed effects. In Q1 counties, rates of prison admissions increased by 1.34–10.6 per 100,000, whereas in Q4 counties prison admissions decreased by 1.10 - 4.28 per 100,000

ISSN: 1471-2458