Fig. 1

Early prenatal care in Pennsylvania counties where post-policy prison admissions increased and decreased across levels of education (A) and race/ethnicity (B) (2009–2015). Panel A: Average monthly rates of first trimester prenatal care in counties where prison admissions decreased and increased after the 2012 policy across birthing person levels of education, trend line estimated using a loess smoothing function (span = 0.75). Panel B: Average monthly rates of first trimester prenatal care in counties where prison admissions decreased and increased after the 2012 policy across birthing person race/ethnicity, trend line estimated using a loess smoothing function (span = 0.75)