Table 4 Odds ratio (95% of confidence interval) – obtained from binary logistic regression analysis – showing the influence of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics on modern contraceptive use among currently married women aged 15–49 years in Punjab and Manipur, 2015–16

Years of schooling

 No schooling (Ref.)

   < 10 years

0.67 (0.49, 0.91)**

0.74 (0.53, 1.05)

1.19 (0.65, 2.17)

1.39 (0.72, 2.70)

  10–12 years

0.44 (0., 0.64)***

0.64 (0.40, 1.03)**

0.87 (0.41, 1.82)

1.13 (0.47, 2.73)

  12 + years

0.52 (0.35, 0.76)***

0.87 (0.53, 1.40)**

0.85 (0.40, 1.81)

1.16 (0.47, 2.88)

Women autonomy

 Low (Ref.)

  Medium

1.88 (1.41, 2.50)**

1.77 (1.29, 2.42)**

1.45 (0.90, 2.34)

1.26 (0.74, 2.14)

  High

1.70 (1.31, 2.20)***

1.45 (1.03, 1.94)**

1.61 (1.07, 3.67)**

1.28 (0.73, 2.25)

Age of women

 15–24 years (Ref.)

  25–34 years

1.92 (1.28, 2.87)**

2.03 (0.79, 5.19)

  35–49 years

1.69 (1.09, 2.64)**

1.21 (0.47, 3.16)

Parity

 0–1 child (Ref.)

  2 children

3.29 (2.34, 4.64)***

4.28 (2.30, 7.19)***

  3 + children

2.62 (1.73, 3.96)***

4.70 (2.36, 9.35)***

Desire for more children

 No (Ref.)

  Yes

0.59 (0.41, 0.84)**

0.89 (0.52, 1.51)

Currently working

 No (Ref.)

  Yes

0.81 (0.59, 1.13)

1.08 (0.71, 1.66)

Place of residence

 Urban (Ref.)

  Rural

1.27 (0.96, 1.68)**

0.96 (0.62, 1.48)

Household wealth index

 Poor (Ref.)

  Middle

1.26 (0.57, 2.76)

1.60 (0.98, 2.61)*

  Rich

0.97 (0.46, 2.06)

1.22 (0.67, 2.23)

Religion

 Hindu (Ref.)

  Non-Hindu

0.99 (0.76, 1.29)

1.19 (0.71, 1.99)

Caste

 Scheduled Caste (Ref.)

  Scheduled Tribes

1.00

0.40 (0.18, 0.89)**

  Other Backward Class

0.79 (0.57, 1.10)

0.49 (0.22, 1.07)*

  Others

1.06 (0.78, 1.45)

0.79 (0.39, 1.59)

Husband migration status

 Living together (Ref.)

  Staying elsewhere

0.19 (0.12, 0.30)***

0.38 (0.13, 1.11)*