Determinant factors behind changes in health-seeking behaviour before and after implementation of universal health coverage in Indonesia

Kosasih, Dadan Mulyana; Adam, Sony; Uchida, Mitsuo; Yamazaki, Chiho; Koyama, Hiroshi; Hamazaki, Kei

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13142-8

Table 2 Chronic episode health-seeking behaviour: Individual characteristics of respondents

From: Determinant factors behind changes in health-seeking behaviour before and after implementation of universal health coverage in Indonesia

Variable	2009-2013											2014-2019											Comparison of the2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Comparison of the2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		p-value*
Total	359	100	107	29.8	69	19.2	121	33.7	62	17.3		401	100	20	5	16	4	264	65.8	101	25.2		<0.001
Predisposing factors
Age (years)
23-39	69	100	23	33.3	25	36.2	13	18.8	8	11.7	<0.001	81	100	4	4.9	8	9.9	52	64.2	17	21	0.13	<0.001
40-59	161	100	51	31.7	34	21.1	51	31.7	25	15.5		182	100	10	5.5	4	2.2	121	66.5	47	25.8		<0.001
> 60	129	100	33	25.6	10	7.8	57	44.2	29	22.5		138	100	6	4.3	4	2.9	91	65.9	37	25.8		<0.001
Sex
Male	90	100	23	25.6	17	18.9	30	33.3	20	22.2	0.48	101	100	2	2	4	4	66	65.3	29	28.7	0.37	<0.001
Female	269	100	84	31.2	52	19.3	91	33.8	42	15.6		300	100	18	6	12	4	198	66	72	24		<0.001
Education
Primary school or below	112	100	29	25.9	17	15.2	49	43.7	17	15.2	0.14	120	100	10	8.3	1	0.8	90	75	19	15.8	<0.001	<0.001
Junior or senior high school	174	100	51	29.3	37	21.3	55	31.6	31	17.8		200	100	8	4	12	6	134	67	46	23		<0.001
College or above	73	100	27	37	15	20.5	17	23.3	14	19.2		81	100	2	2.5	3	3.7	40	49.4	36	44.4		<0.001
Occupation
Unemployed	194	100	55	28.4	38	19.6	73	37.6	28	14.4	0.16	215	100	15	7	10	4.7	139	64.7	51	23.7	0.25	<0.001
Civil Servant	40	100	15	37.5	6	15	12	30	7	17.5		44	100	1	2.3	2	4.5	27	61.4	14	31.8		<0.001
Private Employed	35	100	13	37.1	7	20	7	20	8	22.9		37	100	0	0	1	2.7	26	70.3	10	27		<0.001
Self-employed	61	100	17	27.9	16	26.2	14	23	14	23		72	100	4	5.6	1	1.4	54	75	13	18.1		<0.001
Retired	29	100	7	24.1	2	6.9	15	51.7	5	17.2		33	100	0	0	2	6.1	18	54.5	13	39.4		0.008
Marital status
Married	257	100	83	32.3	50	19.5	79	30.7	45	17.5	0.27	285	100	15	5.3	12	4.2	185	64.9	73	25.6	0.13	<0.001
Never married	19	100	5	26.3	6	31.6	6	31.6	2	10.5		22	100	0	0	3	13.6	16	72.7	3	13.6		0.01
Divorced/ Widowed/ Separated	83	100	19	22.9	13	15.7	36	43.4	15	18		94	100	5	5.3	1	1.1	63	67	25	26.6		<0.001
Variable	2009-2013											2014-2019											Comparison of the2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Comparison of the2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		p-value*
Enabling factors
Adjusted household income
0 – 2,999,999 IDR (0 – 211.78 USD)	293	100	89	30.4	58	19.8	103	35.2	43	14.6	0.02	324	100	18	5.6	10	3.1	221	68.2	75	23.1	0.04	<0.001
3,000,000 – 5,999,999 IDR (211.79 – 423.56 USD)	52	100	15	28.8	11	21.2	14	26.9	12	23.1		60	100	2	3.3	6	10	32	53.3	20	33.3		<0.001
> 6,000,000 IDR (> 423. 57 USD)	14	100	3	21.4	0	0	4	28.6	7	50		17	100	0	0	0	0	11	64.7	6	35.3		0.04
Health insurance ownership
Did not have health insurance	182	100	60	33	43	23.6	54	29.7	25	13.7	0.01	19	100	1	5.3	4	21.1	4	21.1	10	52.6	<0.001	<0.001
Social health insurance	155	100	41	26.5	19	12.3	66	42.6	29	18.7		345	100	15	4.3	10	2.9	244	70.7	76	22		<0.001
Private health insurance	18	100	6	33.3	6	33.3	0	0	6	33.3		3	100	0	0	1	33.3	1	33.3	1	33.3		0.21
Private and social health insurance	4	100	0	0	1	25	1	25	2	50		34	100	4	11.8	1	2.9	15	44.1	14	41.2		0.35
Type of JKN-KIS (national health insurance) membership
Not a JKN-KIS member	19	100	4	21.1	5	26.9	2	10.5	8	42.1	<0.001	22	100	1	4.5	5	22.7	5	22.7	11	50	<0.001	0.39
Wage-earning workers	75	100	26	34.7	12	16	18	24	19	25.3		81	100	5	6.2	5	6.2	42	51.9	29	35.8		<0.001
Contribution-assistance recipients	181	100	57	31.5	29	16	71	39.2	24	13.3		199	100	12	6	3	1.5	155	77.9	29	14.6		<0.001
Non-wage-earning workers	56	100	13	23.2	20	35.7	17	30.4	6	10.7		67	100	2	3	1	1.5	45	67.2	19	28.4		<0.001
Non-workers	28	100	7	25	3	10.7	13	46.4	5	17.9		32	100	0	0	2	6.2	17	53.1	13	40.6		0.006
Variable	2009-2013											2014-2019											Comparison of the2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Comparison of the2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		p-value*
Coverage changes
Always covered	176	100	47	26.7	26	14.8	67	38	36	20.5	0.01	195	100	6	3.1	8	4.1	130	66.7	51	26.2	<0.001	<0.001
Gained coverage	167	100	56	33.5	40	24	52	31.1	19	11.4		187	100	13	7	4	2.1	130	69.5	40	21.4		<0.001
Lost coverage	1	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	100		1	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	100		1
Never covered	15	100	4	26.7	3	20	2	13.3	6	40		18	100	1	5.6	4	22.2	4	22.2	9	50		0.44
Need factors
Number of chronic diseases
1	201	100	70	34.8	52	25.9	50	24.9	29	14.4	<0.001	233	100	12	5.2	12	5.2	161	69.1	48	20.6	0.09	<0.001
2	97	100	24	24.7	9	9.3	46	47.4	18	18.6		105	100	6	5.7	1	1	68	64.8	30	28.6		<0.001
3 or more	61	100	13	21.3	8	13.1	25	41	15	24.6		63	100	2	3.2	3	4.8	35	55.6	23	36.5		0.003
Current health status
Fair or poor	150	100	41	27.3	21	14	59	39.3	29	19.3	0.03	163	100	8	4.9	2	1.2	109	66.9	44	27	0.27	<0.001
Good	201	100	61	30.3	45	22.4	62	30.8	33	16.4		229	100	11	4.8	13	5.7	149	65.1	56	24.5		<0.001
Very good or excellent	8	100	5	62.5	3	37.5	0	0	0	0		9	100	1	11.1	1	11.1	6	66.7	1	11.1		0.009
Health status change
Worse	36	100	8	22.2	5	13.9	15	41.7	8	22.2	0.47	38	100	2	5.3	0	0	26	68.4	10	26.3	0.47	0.006
Same	205	100	64	31.3	40	19.5	62	30.2	39	19		235	100	12	5.1	12	5.1	146	62.1	65	27.7		<0.001
Better	118	100	35	29.7	24	20.3	44	37.3	15	12.7		128	100	6	3.1	4	3.1	92	71.9	26	20.3		<0.001

IDR Indonesian Rupiah, USD US dollar
*: Pearson’s Chi-squared test

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