Determinant factors behind changes in health-seeking behaviour before and after implementation of universal health coverage in Indonesia

Kosasih, Dadan Mulyana; Adam, Sony; Uchida, Mitsuo; Yamazaki, Chiho; Koyama, Hiroshi; Hamazaki, Kei

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13142-8

Table 1 Acute episode health-seeking behaviour: Individual characteristics of respondents

From: Determinant factors behind changes in health-seeking behaviour before and after implementation of universal health coverage in Indonesia

Variable	2009–2013											2014–2019											Comparison of the 2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Comparison of the 2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		p-value*
Total	361	100	103	28.6	86	23.8	126	34.9	46	12.7		370	100	53	14.3	23	6.2	242	65.4	52	14.1		<0.001
Predisposing factors
Age
23-39	109	100	37	33.9	38	34.9	22	20.2	12	11	<0.001	110	100	21	19.1	12	10.9	58	52.7	19	17.3	0.03	<0.001
40-59	166	100	49	29.5	30	18.1	68	41	19	11.4		171	100	19	11.1	7	4.1	123	71.9	22	12.9		<0.001
> 60	86	100	17	19.8	18	20.9	36	41.9	15	17.4		89	100	13	14.6	4	4.5	61	68.5	11	12.4		<0.001
Sex
Male	97	100	28	28.9	27	27.8	28	28.9	14	14.4	0.46	99	100	17	17.2	6	6.1	60	60.5	16	16.2	0.64	<0.001
Female	264	100	75	28.4	59	22.3	98	37.1	32	12.1		271	100	36	13.3	17	6.3	182	67.1	36	13.3		<0.001
Education
Primary school or below	87	100	16	18.4	16	18.4	45	51.7	10	11.5	0.01	88	100	12	13.6	3	3.4	68	77.3	5	5.7	0.04	<0.001
Junior or senior high school	191	100	63	33	46	24.1	58	30.4	24	12.5		197	100	24	12.2	14	7.1	127	64.5	32	16.2		<0.001
College or above	83	100	24	28.9	24	28.9	23	27.7	12	14.5		85	100	17	20	6	7.1	47	55.3	15	17.6		<0.001
Occupation
Unemployed	178	100	51	28.7	36	20.2	69	38.8	22	12.4	0.45	184	100	21	11.4	10	5.4	129	70.1	24	13	0.25	<0.001
Civil Servant	48	100	17	35.4	13	27.1	13	27.1	5	10.4		49	100	13	26.5	2	4.1	27	55.1	7	14.3		0.002
Private Employed	41	100	13	31.7	10	24.4	10	24.4	8	19.5		43	100	7	16.3	5	11.6	22	51.2	9	20.9		0.04
Self-employed	72	100	17	23.6	22	30.6	27	37.5	6	8.3		72	100	10	13.9	4	5.6	50	69.4	8	11.1		<0.001
Retired	22	100	5	22.7	5	22.7	7	31.8	5	22.7		22	100	2	9.1	2	9.1	14	63.6	4	18.2		0.18
Marital status
Married	279	100	83	29.7	68	24.4	90	32.3	38	13.6	0.2	286	100	35	12.2	20	7	188	65.7	43	15	0.02	<0.001
Never married	23	100	8	34.8	7	30.4	7	30.4	1	4.3		23	100	10	43.5	1	4.3	10	43.5	2	8.7		0.13
Divorced/ Widowed/ Separated	59	100	12	20.9	11	18.6	29	49.2	7	11.9		61	100	8	13.1	2	3.3	44	72.1	7	11.5		0.01
Variable	2009–2013											2014–2019											Comparison of the 2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Comparison of the 2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		p-value*
Enabling factors
Adjusted household income
0 – 2,999,999 IDR (0 – 211.78 USD)	293	100	79	27	69	23.5	108	36.9	37	12.6	0.36	302	100	39	12.9	20	6.7	204	67.5	39	12.9	0.21	<0.001
3,000,000 – 5,999,999 IDR (211.79 – 423.56 USD)	62	100	23	37.1	14	22.6	16	25.8	9	14.5		62	100	14	22.6	3	4.8	33	53.2	12	19.4		0.001
> 6,000,000 IDR (> 423. 57 USD)	6	100	1	16.7	3	50	2	33.3	0	0		6	100	0	0	0	0	5	83.3	1	16.7		0.1
Health insurance ownership
Did not have health insurance	203	100	63	31	44	21.7	72	35.5	24	11.8	0.97	26	100	6	23.1	8	30.8	6	23.1	6	23.1	<0.001	0.2
Social health insurance	129	100	33	25.6	34	26.4	44	34.1	18	14		316	100	43	13.6	13	4.1	222	70.3	38	12		<0.001
Private health insurance	25	100	6	24	7	28	9	36	3	12		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		1
Private and social health insurance	4	100	1	25	1	25	1	25	1	25		28	100	4	14.3	2	7.1	14	50	8	28.6		0.43
Type of JKN-KIS (national health insurance) membership
Not a JKN-KIS member	25	100	13	52	8	32	0	0	4	16	0.08	26	100	6	20.1	8	30.8	6	23.1	6	23.1	<0.001	0.03
Wage-earning workers	76	100	21	27.6	21	27.6	23	30.3	11	14.5		77	100	15	19.5	4	5.2	43	55.8	15	19.5		<0.001
Contribution-assistance recipients	183	100	47	25.7	39	21.3	76	41.5	21	11.5		188	100	21	11.2	7	3.7	143	76.1	17	9		<0.001
Non-wage-earning workers	59	100	17	28.8	14	23.7	21	35.6	7	11.9		61	100	10	16.4	2	3.3	39	63.9	10	16.4		<0.001
Non-workers	18	100	5	27.8	4	22.2	6	33.3	3	16.7		18	100	1	5.6	2	11.1	11	61.1	4	22.2		0.19
Variable	2009-2013											2014-2019											Comparison of the 2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Total		No Medication		Informal care		Public Health Facility		Private Health Facility		p-value*	Comparison of the 2009-2013 and the 2014-2019 factors
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%		p-value*
Coverage changes
Always covered	156	100	40	25.6	41	26.3	54	34.6	21	13.5	0.02	159	100	25	15.7	7	4.4	99	62.3	28	17.6	<0.001	<0.001
Gained coverage	180	100	50	27.8	37	20.6	72	40	21	11.7		185	100	22	11.9	8	4.3	137	74.1	18	9.7		<0.001
Lost coverage	2	100	0	0	1	50	0	0	1	50		2	100	0	0	1	50	0	0	1	50		1
Never covered	23	100	13	56.5	7	30.5	0	0	3	13		24	100	6	25	7	29.2	6	25	5	20.8		0.02
Need factors
Seriousness
Not serious	185	100	64	34.6	49	26.5	49	26.5	23	12.4	0.02	188	100	38	20.2	16	8.5	113	60.1	21	11.2	0.01	<0.001
Somewhat serious	162	100	34	21	35	21.6	70	43.2	23	14.2		168	100	14	8.3	7	4.2	119	70.8	28	16.7		<0.001
Serious	14	100	5	35.7	2	14.3	7	50	0	0		14	100	1	7.1	0	0	10	71.5	3	21.4		0.04
Current health status
Fair or poor	131	100	36	27.5	26	19.8	53	40.5	16	12.2	0.18	137	100	17	12.4	6	4.4	94	68.6	20	14.6	0.03	<0.001
Good	213	100	59	27.7	54	25.4	71	33.3	29	13.6		216	100	29	13.4	17	7.9	141	65.3	29	13.4		<0.001
Very good or excellent	17	100	8	47.1	6	35.2	2	11.8	1	5.9		17	100	7	41.2	0	0	7	41.2	3	17.6		0.02
Health status change
Worse	27	100	8	29.6	3	11.1	12	44.4	4	14.8	0.25	27	100	1	3.7	1	3.7	20	74.1	5	18.5	0.01	0.03
Same	207	100	63	30.4	57	27.5	63	30.4	24	11.6		213	100	36	16.9	22	10.3	124	58.2	31	14.6		<0.001
Better	127	100	32	25.2	26	20.5	51	40.2	18	14.2		130	100	16	12.3	0	0	98	75.4	16	12.3		<0.001

IDR Indonesian Rupiah, USD US dollar
*: Pearson’s Chi-squared test

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