Fig. 1

Rates of COVID-19-related deaths and confirmed cases in England, by geography and week of death, and by lower-tier local authority (LTLA). (A, B): Weekly rates per 100,000 population of COVID-19-related deaths and confirmed cases, respectively, by geography type. Trajectories of reported deaths follow a smooth epidemic curve while the peak in case counts appears to be truncated across geographies outside of the early-affected London region, potentially as a result of national lockdown measures but also of testing constraints. Dashed vertical lines mark dates of significant policy changes with respect to confirmatory testing of suspect cases. (C, D): The same data instead presented as total rates per 100,000 per LTLA, across the entire first wave (1 January 2020 to 30 June 2020). Time periods are set according to the date of specimen and date of death, respectively