Table 3 The association between personal characteristics and COVID-19 disease prevention behavior

Control variables:

 Intercept

-.233

 Education

.001

 Dominant climate in region of birth (1: polar; 2: temperate; 3: tropical) (level 2a)

.033

 Population density in region of birth (level 2a)

.021

 Income-oriented work (1: working with income; 0: otherwise) (level 2b)

-.041

Vulnerability:

 Chronic health problems

-.073*

 (Chronic health problems)² (H1a: +)

.026*

 Age (H1b: +)

.131***

 Female (vs. male) gender (1: female; 0: male) (H1c: -)

.092***

 Emotional burden (worries) (H1d: +)

.055†

 Emotional burden (depression) (H1e: -)

-.076*

Attitudes toward disease prevention:

 Attitude toward social distancing (H2a: +)

.187***

 Attitude toward lockdown (H2b: +)

.106***

 Attitude toward lockdown enforcement (H2c: +)

.141***

 Trust in public institutions (H2d: +)

.055*

Social orientation:

 Horizontal individualism (belief in self-determined fate) (H3a: +)

.059*

 Vertical individualism (belief in competition with others) (H3a: +)

.062*

 Horizontal collectivism (belief in helping others) (H3b: +)

.077**

Covariance parameters:

 Residual at level 1 (person)

.799***

 Residual at level 2a (region of birth)

.547

 Residual at level 2b (occupation)

.001

Fit statistics:

 HLM pseudo R²

.201

 Sample size

1231