Table 5 Urban and rural differences between the impact of number of children on older adults’ longevity

Number of Children

−0.229**

−0.328

−0.241**

−0.195

−0.577

0.156

(0.102)

(0.432)

(0.106)

(0.713)

(0.619)

(0.147)

Marital status

5.188***

4.650***

5.243***

−1.255

5.632***

5.083***

(0.501)

(1.663)

(0.531)

(4.079)

(1.851)

(0.654)

Ethnic group

0.099

0.613

−0.047

2.424

0.968

−0.439

(0.549)

(3.111)

(0.559)

(5.658)

(3.832)

(0.812)

Educated

−2.619***

−1.885

−2.616***

−4.536

− 1.457

−2.060***

(0.483)

(1.916)

(0.505)

(3.205)

(2.643)

(0.589)

Living with family

2.263***

1.545

2.303***

1.126

2.149

2.300***

(0.451)

(1.731)

(0.472)

(3.565)

(2.175)

(0.637)

Hypertension

−2.646***

−4.836***

− 2.400***

−1.346

−6.406***

−1.401**

(0.459)

(1.760)

(0.479)

(3.423)

(2.114)

(0.677)

Diabetes

−3.739***

−4.712

−3.778***

− 4.107

−5.043

−2.919**

(0.869)

(2.923)

(0.917)

(5.378)

(3.558)

(1.257)

Cardiovascular diseases

−0.248

0.371

−0.147

−4.924

2.455

0.376

(0.500)

(1.767)

(0.526)

(3.233)

(2.339)

(0.760)

Apoplexy

−2.060***

−2.681

−1.912***

−8.875**

−1.014

−1.754**

(0.587)

(1.843)

(0.622)

(3.467)

(2.360)

(0.859)

Respiratory diseases

−0.777

−3.007

−0.458

−4.581

−2.238

−1.783**

(0.567)

(1.828)

(0.602)

(2.986)

(2.374)

(0.748)

Cancer

−3.382***

−1.421

−3.598***

3.739

−2.052

−2.787***

(0.652)

(1.885)

(0.707)

(4.084)

(2.190)

(0.767)

Medical insurance

−1.050

0.281

−1.294*

0.027

−0.127

−0.177

(0.641)

(2.091)

(0.677)

(3.089)

(3.125)

(1.062)

Public older adult insurance

−0.650

− 0.815

−0.652

1.731

−3.979

−0.627

(0.464)

(2.175)

(0.476)

(3.081)

(3.800)

(0.660)

Smoking

−6.472

−5.765

−11.017

–

−1.094

–

(5.517)

(8.984)

(7.752)

–

(9.351)

–

Clean energy in the kitchen

1.014***

4.186**

0.802**

7.432**

3.056

1.442**

(0.391)

(1.817)

(0.404)

(3.312)

(2.281)

(0.583)

Middle region

−1.265***

−5.313***

−0.899*

−3.927

−7.144***

−0.867

(0.485)

(1.810)

(0.507)

(2.869)

(2.594)

(0.721)

West region

−0.939*

−1.383

− 0.926*

−1.774

−0.218

− 0.170

(0.486)

(1.820)

(0.507)

(3.304)

(2.484)

(0.712)

Male

−1.967***

−2.490

−1.950***

(0.455)

(1.759)

(0.474)

Urban

0.191

(0.692)

Constant term

93.475***

93.126***

93.567***

91.455***

96.428***

88.053***

(0.939)

(3.267)

(0.987)

(4.039)

(7.647)

(1.450)

Obs.

1678

148

1530

86

62

696

R-squared

0.293

0.423

0.285

0.470

0.391

0.233