Table 2 Summary of pooled background characteristics of the studied children and prevalence of under-five deaths by household wealth inequality in LMIC, 2010–2018.
Characteristics | sample | % | Poverty rate | U5Ds per 1000 livebirths | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | poor | Non-poor | ||||
Maternal current age | ||||||
  15-24 | 254,644 | 29.7 | 46.8 | 53 | 61 | 46 |
  25-34 | 442,799 | 51.7 | 43 | 47 | 56 | 40 |
  35-49 | 159,544 | 18.6 | 48.2 | 61 | 69 | 53 |
Maternal highest educational | ||||||
  No education | 292,866 | 34.2 | 62.9 | 69 | 72 | 65 |
  Primary | 218,432 | 25.5 | 52.2 | 54 | 56 | 53 |
  Secondary+ | 345,689 | 40.3 | 26.3 | 35 | 42 | 32 |
Media access | ||||||
  No | 340,783 | 40.5 | 67 | 66 | 67 | 62 |
  Yes | 500,111 | 59.5 | 31 | 43 | 52 | 39 |
Maternal employment | ||||||
  Employed | 324,757 | 53.3 | 44.8 | 61 | 69 | 54 |
  Unemployed | 284,531 | 46.7 | 43.1 | 45 | 50 | 41 |
Paternal employment | ||||||
  Employed | 541,347 | 95.8 | 43.8 | 55 | 64 | 48 |
  Unemployed | 23,796 | 4.2 | 51.6 | 48 | 51 | 46 |
Marital status | ||||||
  Never married | 27,341 | 3.2 | 37.2 | 52 | 52 | ++52 |
  Currently married | 791,531 | 92.4 | 45.2 | 51 | 60 | 43 |
  Formerly | 38,110 | 4.4 | 47.3 | 63 | 64 | 62 |
Sex of household head | ||||||
  Male | 718,578 | 83.8 | 44.9 | 52 | 61 | 44 |
  Female | 138,409 | 16.2 | 46.2 | 51 | 56 | 46 |
Covered by health insurance | ||||||
  No | 671,764 | 87.4 | 46.1 | 55 | 64 | 48 |
  Yes | 96,784 | 12.6 | 37.8 | 33 | 41 | 28 |
Child is twin | ||||||
  Single birth | 834,700 | 97.4 | 45.1 | 47 | 56 | 41 |
  Multiple | 22,287 | 2.6 | 44.2 | 198 | 228 | 175 |
Sex of child | ||||||
  Female | 417,314 | 48.7 | 45.4 | 48 | 56 | 41 |
  Male | 439,673 | 51.3 | 44.8 | 55 | 64 | 47 |
Weight at birth | ||||||
  Average+ | 671,296 | 84.0 | 43.9 | 45 | 54 | 37 |
  Small | 92,369 | 11.6 | 48.3 | 67 | 72 | 61 |
  Very small | 35,374 | 4.4 | 49.9 | 116 | 114 | 118 |
Birth order | ||||||
  1 | 243,300 | 28.4 | 38.0 | 48 | 62 | 40 |
  2 | 205,906 | 24.0 | 40.5 | 41 | 48 | 35 |
  3 | 138,761 | 16.2 | 46.7 | 46 | 52 | 41 |
  4+ | 269,020 | 31.4 | 54.8 | 66 | 7 | 61 |
Birth interval | ||||||
  1st Birth | 243,305 | 28.5 | 38 | 48 | 62 | 40 |
  <36 months | 333,066 | 39.0 | 51.5 | 64 | 72 | 55 |
  36+ months | 278,326 | 32.6 | 44.0 | 38 | 41 | 36 |
Drinking water | ||||||
  Unimproved sources | 188,610 | 22.7 | 66.3 | 67 | 70 | 60 |
  Improved source | 641,485 | 77.3 | 39.7 | 47 | 56 | 42 |
Toilet type | ||||||
  Unimproved sources | 416,964 | 50.3 | 66.5 | 63 | 65 | 59 |
  Improved source | 412,803 | 49.7 | 24.5 | 40 | 48 | 38 |
Cooking fuel | ||||||
  Unclean/biomass | 620,900 | 76.6 | 56.5 | 60 | 64 | 56 |
  Clean fuel | 189,870 | 23.4 | 13.7 | 30 | 29 | 30 |
Covered by health insurance | ||||||
  No | 261,118 | 30.5 | 15.5 | 40 | 46 | 39 |
  Yes | 595,869 | 69.5 | 59.2 | 57 | 62 | 49 |
Housing material | ||||||
  Unimproved material | 500,644 | 62.7 | 63.3 | 61 | 64 | 55 |
  Improved material | 298,152 | 37.3 | 19.5 | 41 | 49 | 39 |
Community SES Disadvantage | ||||||
  Least | 171,506 | 20.0 | 19.5 | 33 | 41 | 31 |
  2 | 171,291 | 20.0 | 23.9 | 46 | 49 | 45 |
  3 | 171,783 | 20.0 | 50.7 | 56 | 59 | 53 |
  4 | 171,392 | 20.0 | 58.7 | 62 | 67 | 54 |
  Highest | 171,015 | 20.0 | 75.6 | 62 | 65 | 53 |
Total | 856,987 | 100.0 | 45.1 | 51 | 60 | *44 |