Skip to main content

Table 5 Risk factors for experiencing catastrophic costs due to TB among 777 TB-affected households in Tanzania

From: Economic burden of tuberculosis in Tanzania: a national survey of costs faced by tuberculosis-affected households

Variable

Total

n = 777

Number and proportion of incurred catastrophic cost n (%)

P-valuea

OR univariable (95%CI)

aORb

multilevel (95%CI)

Age group

 0–14

73

34 (46.6)

0.223

Reference

 

 15–24

86

30 (34.9)

 

0.61 (0.32–1.16)

 

 25–34

154

63 (40.9)

 

0.79 (0.45–1.39)

 

 35–44

164

73 (44.5)

 

0.92 (0.53–1.60)

 

 45–54

139

65 (46.8)

 

1.01 (0.57–1.78)

 

 55–64

82

43 (52.4)

 

1.26 (0.67–2.39)

 

  > 65

79

41 (51.9)

 

1.24 (0.65–2.35)

 

Sex

 Female

289

126 (43.6)

0.62

Reference

 

 Male

488

223 (45.7)

 

1.09 (0.81–1.46)

 

Drug susceptibility statusc

 DS-TB

752

329 (43.8)

0.001

Reference

Reference

 MDR-TB

25

20 (80.0)

 

5.14 (2.06–15.58)

3.36 (1.20–10.92)

Treatment history

 New

694

314 (45.2)

0.67

Reference

 

 Retreatment

83

35 (42.2)

 

0.88 (0.55–1.39)

 

Recorded HIV statusc

 Negative

528

237 (44.9)

0.923

Reference

 

 Positive

234

106 (45.3)

 

1.02 (0.75–1.38)

 

 Unknown

15

6 (40.0)

 

0.82 (0.27–2.30)

 

Income quintile

 Wealthiest

155

69 (44.5)

0.64

Reference

 

 Fourth

154

66 (42.9)

 

0.93 (0.60–1.47)

 

 Third

108

43 (39.8)

 

0.82 (0.50–1.36)

 

 Second

192

93 (48.4)

 

1.17 (0.77–1.79)

 

 Poorest

168

78 (46.4)

 

1.08 (0.70–1.68)

 

Hospitalizations during current phase

 No

717

292 (40.7)

 < 0.001

Reference

Reference

 Yes

60

57 (95.0)

 

27.65 (10.10–114.13)

34.97 (12.50–146.11)

Treatment modality

 Self-administration

432

195 (45.1)

 < 0.001

Reference

Reference

 Home-based DOT

320

133 (41.6)

 

0.86 (0.64–1.16)

0.90 (0.63–1.27)

 Facility-based DOT

25

21 (84.0)

 

6.38 (2.38–22.15)

7.19 (2.42–26.56)

Insurance

 No

683

311 (45.5)

0.41

Reference

 

 Yes

94

38 (40.4)

 

0.81 (0.52–1.25)

 

Delay before diagnosis

 No delay

683

301 (44.1)

0.24

Reference

 

 Delayed

94

48 (51.1)

 

1.32 (0.86–2.04)

 

Settingsd

 Urban

371

136 (36.7)

 < 0.001

Reference

Reference

 Semi-urban

107

44 (41.1)

 

1.21 (0.77–1.87)

1.58 (0.98–2.53)

 Rural

299

169 (56.5)

 

2.25 (1.65–3.07)

2.57 (1.82–3.66)

  1. Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, OR Odds ratio, Aor Adjusted OR, DS-TB Drug-susceptible TB, MDR-TB Multi-drug resistant TB, DOT Directly observed therapy
  2. aChi-square test
  3. bBased on the final logistic regression model selected with stepwise backward selection which was guided by Akaike’s information criterion (AIC)
  4. cMDR TB and HIV status of patients were retrieved from patients’ charts
  5. dDefinitions used in Tanzania for each setting:
  6. Urban: city of a region
  7. Semi-urban: township of a district
  8. Rural: village other than the township of district
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us