Table 4 Multilevel analysis of factors associated with MAD intake among children aged 6–23 months in Sub-Saharan Africa: based on 2010 to 2020 DHS
Variables | Categories | aModel 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | ||
Age of women (years) | 15–19 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
20–35 | 0.89 [0.79, 0.99]** | – | 0.90 [0.78, 1.01] | |
36–49 | 1.01 [0.88, 1.13] | – | 0.92 [0.82, 1.05] | |
Sex of household head | Male | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Female | 0.93 [0.87, 1.00] | – | 0.93[0.87, 1.01] | |
Educational attainment of women | No education | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Primery education | 1.23 [1.14, 1.32]*** | – | 1.09[1.01, 1.17]** | |
Secondary&above | 1.68 [1.56, 1.82]*** | – | 1.41 [1.30,1.54]*** | |
Occupation of women | Not worked | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Worked | 1.20 [1.13, 1.27]*** | – | 1.25 [1.17,1.33]*** | |
Marital status of mother | Married | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Not married | 0.82 [0.77, 0.88]*** | – | 0.79 [0.78,0.84]*** | |
House hold family size | 1–4 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
5–10 | 1.06 [0.99,1.13] | – | 1.07 [0.99, 1.15] | |
> 11 | 1.12 [1.02,1.24]* | – | 1.09 [0.97, 1.21] | |
Media exposure | No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.61 [1.51, 1.71]*** | – | 1.55 [1.45,1.66]*** | |
Wealth index | Poorest | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Poorer | 1.12 [1.02, 1.22]* | – | 1.13 [1.04, 1.24]* | |
Middle | 1.26 [1.15, 1.37]*** | – | 1.26 [1.15,1.38]*** | |
Richer | 1.43 [1.31, 1.57]*** | – | 1.37 [1.25,1.51]*** | |
Richest | 2.11 [1.92, 2.31]*** | – | 1.93 [1.73,2.15]*** | |
Birth order | <=3 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
> 3 | 0.98 [0.91, 1.04] | – | 0.98 [0.91, 1.05] | |
Sex of child | Male | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Female | 1.05 [1.00, 1.11] | – | 1.05 [0.99, 1.10] | |
Age of child | 6–8 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
9–11 | 1.00 [0.91, 1.10] | – | 0.99 [0.90, 1.09] | |
12–23 | 1.35 [1.26, 1.46]*** | – | 1.62 [1.50,1.75]*** | |
Plurality of birth | Single | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Multiple | 0.67 [0.55, 0.81]*** | – | 0.68 [0.56,0.82]*** | |
Current breast feeding | No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.99 [1.85, 2.15]*** | – | 2.04 [1.89,2.21]*** | |
Wanted pregnancy | Wanted | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Unwanted | 0.92 [0.86, 0.97]** | – | 0.90 [0.85,0.96]*** | |
Place of delivery | Home | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Health institution | 1.03[0.95, 1.09] | – | 1.04 [0.98, 1.12] | |
ANC visit | No ANC visit | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
At least one visit | 1.65 [1.50, 1.81]*** | – | 1.61[1.47, 1.77]*** | |
Community level variables | ||||
Residence | Urban | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | – | 0.55[0.52,0.58]*** | 0.74 [0.69,0.79]*** | |
Region in SSA | Central Africa | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
East Africa | – | 1.71 [1.58,1.85]*** | 1.35 [1.24,1.47]*** | |
West Africa | – | 1.17 [0.07,1.27]*** | 1.05 [0.96, 1.15] | |
South Africa | – | 1.05 [0.88, 1.24] | 0.93 [0.76, 1.12] | |
Country income level | Lower | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Lower middle | – | 1.31 [1.24,1.40]*** | 1.33[1.25,1.43]*** | |
Upper middle | – | 1.28 [1.12,1.45]*** | 1.62[1.41,1.87]*** | |
Survey year | 2010–2012 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2013–2015 | 1.24[1.14,1.34]*** | 0.98 [0.90, 1.07] | ||
2016–2019 | 1.09 [1.02, 1.19]** | 0.94 [0.86, 1.02] | ||
Community media usage | Low | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | – | 1.19[1.12,1.27]*** | 0.99 [0.93, 1.07] | |
Community women education | Low | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
high | – | 1.07 [1.00, 1.14]* | 0.99 [0.92, 1.06] | |