Table 1 Sample characteristics and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) for gender, age, education, marital status, and income

Gender

n

%

M

(SD)

ANOVA

M

(SD)

ANOVA

M

(SD)

ANOVA

 Female

1286

52.9

4.10

(4.20)

F(1, 2427) = 10.67,

p = .001, η²_p = .004

2.78

(3.99)

F(1, 2427) = 8.09,

p = .001, η²_p = .003

3.38

(4.29)

F(1, 2427) = 14.78,

p < .001, η²_p = .006

 Male

1143

47.1

3.55

(3.95)

3.55

(3.95)

3.55

(3.95)

Age (M = 50.35; SD = 17.44)

 18-29 years

365

15.0

1.66

(2.89)

F(5, 2423) = 88.88,

p < .001, η²_p = .155

1.68

(2.95)

F(5, 2423) = 24.69,

p < .001, η²_p = .048

2.42

(3.57)

F(5, 2423) = 6.43,

p < .001, η²_p = .013

 30-39 years

334

13.8

2.13

(3.01)

1.89

(3.33)

2.67

(3.67)

 40-49 years

481

19.8

3.22

(3.61)

2.38

(3.68)

3.04

(4.16)

 50-59 years

447

18.4

4.10

(4.15)

2.48

(3.83)

3.42

(4.41)

 60-69 years

393

16.2

5.13

(4.05)

2.54

(3.55)

2.90

(3.92)

  ≥ 70 years

409

16.8

6.41

(4.41)

4.30

(4.46)

3.87

(4.52)

Education

  ≤ 9 years

1038

42.7

4.76

(4.24)

F(3, 2425) = 33.91,

p < .001, η²_p = .040

3.16

(4.21)

F(3, 2425) = 15.41,

p < .001, η²_p = .019

3.51

(4.35)

F(3, 2425) = 7.32,

p < .001, η²_p = .009

 10 years

880

36.2

3.26

(3.93)

2.11

(3.40)

2.85

(4.00)

  ≥ 11 years

503

20.7

2.98

(3.67)

2.23

(3.31)

2.63

(3.74)

 School students

8

0.3

0.63

(1.06)

0.25

(0.46)

1.25

(1.49)

Marital status

 Married

1210

49.8

3.77

(3.90)

F(5, 2423) = 37.32,

p < .001, η²_p = .072

2.20

(3.37)

F(5, 2423) = 20.29,

p < .001, η²_p = .040

2.53

(3.59)

F(5, 2423) = 14.92,

p < .001, η²_p = .030

 Committed relationship

129

5.3

2.25

(3.19)

2.08

(3.50)

2.97

(4.52)

 Single

454

18.7

2.57

(3.77)

2.22

(3.55)

3.01

(4.07)

 Separated

39

1.6

3.54

(4.16)

3.13

(4.17)

4.18

(4.66)

 Divorced

300

12.4

4.34

(4.16)

2.85

(4.16)

4.02

(4.58)

 Widowed

297

12.2

6.28

(4.45)

4.50

(4.66)

4.42

(4.87)

Employment

 Working full-time

981

40.4

2.53

(3.19)

F(4, 2421) = 111.62,

p < .001, η²_p = .156

1.80

(3.13)

F(4, 2421) = 33.18,

p < .001, η²_p = .052

2.35

(3.46)

F(4, 2421) = 20.65,

p < .001, η²_p = .033

 Working part-time

264

10.9

3.17

(3.40)

2.22

(3.33)

3.19

(4.04)

 Unemployed

293

12.1

4.11

(4.24)

3.11

(4.44)

4.32

(4.85)

 Retired

753

31.0

6.09

(4.48)

3.70

(4.25)

3.68

(4.52)

 In training

135

5.6

1.55

(2.69)

1.53

(2.75)

2.17

(3.28)

 Missing

3

0.1

Monthly net income

  < 1500€

892

36.7

4.79

(4.59)

F(3, 2425) = 33.52,

p < .001, η²_p = .040

3.35

(4.34)

F(3, 2425) = 24.60,

p < .001, η²_p = .030

4.06

(4.71)

F(3, 2425) = 31.75,

p < .001, η²_p = .038

  < 2500€

784

32.3

3.73

(3.84)

2.43

(3.53)

2.86

(3.95)

  ≥ 2500€

683

28.1

2.80

(3.42)

1.75

(2.96)

2.13

(3.22)

 Refused to answer

70

2.9

2.96

(3.39)

2.26

(4.04)

2.36

(3.22)