Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in India, Laos, and Tajikistan

Demographic Factors

 Sex

 < 0.001

  Male

1721 (57.4%)

1151 (46.0%)

1173 (39.1%)

  Female

1279 (42.6%)

1353 (54.0%)

1827 (60.9%)

 Age

0.001

  15–29

996 (33.2%)

748 (29.9%)

1042 (34.7%)

  30–49

1259 (42.0%)

1086 (43.4%)

1179 (39.3%)

  50 or above

745 (24.8%)

670 (26.8%)

779 (26.0%)

 Marital status

0.098

  Not currently married

821 (27.4%)

640 (25.6%)

843 (28.1%)

  Married

2179 (72.6%)

1864 (74.4%)

2157 (71.9%)

 Urban/rural setting

0.039

  Lives in a rural area, small town/village, or suburb

2760 (92.0%)

2256 (90.1%)

2744 (91.5%)

  Lives in a large city

240 (8.0%)

248 (9.9%)

256 (8.5%)

 Per Capita Income Quintiles

0.079

  0-20%

510 (17.0%)

493 (19.7%)

504 (16.8%)

  20-40%

582 (19.4%)

473 (18.9%)

544 (18.1%)

  40-60%

606 (20.2%)

489 (19.5%)

587 (19.6%)

  60-80%

605 (20.2%)

497 (19.8%)

628 (20.9%)

  80-100%

697 (23.2%)

552 (22.0%)

737 (24.6%)

 Education Level

 < 0.001

  Completed primary or less

1823 (60.8%)

1515 (60.5%)

644 (21.5%)

  Completed secondary

952 (31.7%)

755 (30.2%)

1628 (54.3%)

  Completed tertiary

225 (7.5%)

234 (9.3%)

728 (24.3%)

 Employment Status

 < 0.001

  Unemployed

135 (4.5%)

7 (0.3%)

171 (5.7%)

  Employed full time for an employer

872 (29.1%)

362 (14.5%)

515 (17.2%)

  Employed full time for self

370 (12.3%)

1087 (43.4%)

110 (3.7%)

  Employed part time and do not want full time

257 (8.6%)

537 (21.4%)

268 (8.9%)

  Employed part time and want full time

301 (10.0%)

381 (15.2%)

299 (10.0%)

  Out of the workforce

1065 (35.5%)

130 (5.2%)

1637 (54.6%)

Environmental Factors

 Community Basics Index

75.4 (26.9)

69.0 (25.5)

83.6 (19.4)

 < 0.001

 Civic Engagement Index

32.6 (36.2)

27.9 (28.8)

36.6 (31.0)

 < 0.001

 Communications Access Index

54.2 (31.6)

53.9 (35.3)

54.2 (33.2)

0.936

 Financial Life Index

36.2 (26.8)

37.0 (20.5)

59.7 (30.6)

 < 0.001

 Food and Shelter Index

62.4 (42.3)

44.6 (41.8)

62.9 (41.2)

 < 0.001

 Law and Order Score

77.7 (26.8)

72.3 (32.7)

91.0 (20.1)

 < 0.001

 Social Life Index

71.8 (33.5)

77.6 (29.7)

85.1 (26.3)

 < 0.001

 Youth Development Index

81.7 (28.4)

80.6 (27.8)

91.1 (19.8)

 < 0.001

MDS Variables

 Capacity Score

9.9 (0.0, 37.8)

37.8 (24.2, 48.3)

9.9 (0.0, 31.1)

 < 0.001

 Disability Score

28.0 (1.4, 45.3)

41.5 (30.9, 49.5)

11.3 (1.4, 35.0)

 < 0.001

 Assistive Technology (AT)

 < 0.001

  Do not use AT and do not need any AT

2131 (71.0%)

1636 (65.3%)

2155 (71.8%)

  Use AT and do not need more AT

556 (18.5%)

414 (16.5%)

570 (19.0%)

  Need more AT

313 (10.4%)

454 (18.1%)

275 (9.2%)

Health Conditions

  Vision Loss

263 (8.8%)

373 (14.9%)

299 (10.0%)

 < 0.001

  Hearing Loss (partial or total)

148 (4.9%)

204 (8.1%)

114 (3.8%)

 < 0.001

  Heart disease (coronary heart disease, heart attack)

92 (3.1%)

236 (9.4%)

303 (10.1%)

 < 0.001

  Stroke

66 (2.2%)

43 (1.7%)

48 (1.6%)

0.192

  Diabetes

123 (4.1%)

97 (3.9%)

76 (2.5%)

0.002

  Arthritis

291 (9.7%)

389 (15.5%)

379 (12.6%)

 < 0.001

  Bronchitis or emphysema

113 (3.8%)

100 (4.0%)

113 (3.8%)

0.884

  Asthma or allergic respiratory disease

157 (5.2%)

245 (9.8%)

206 (6.9%)

 < 0.001

  Back pain

656 (21.9%)

1224 (48.9%)

1067 (35.6%)

 < 0.001

  Depression

371 (12.4%)

305 (12.2%)

419 (14.0%)

0.084

  Anxiety

612 (20.4%)

511 (20.4%)

371 (12.4%)

 < 0.001

  Trauma

153 (5.1%)

243 (9.7%)

111 (3.7%)

 < 0.001