Sedentary time and its association with risk of cardiovascular diseases in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Table 2 Pooled Association Between Highest versus Lowest Sedentary Time Duration and CVD Risks

Type of Sedentary Time	Median duration of sedentary time, h/d	CVD outcomes	Pooled HR/RR [95% CI], P value	Heterogeneity test (I² and P value)	Included Studies
Total sedentary time	Highest: 10.5 Lowest: 2.75	CVD morbidity	1.24 [1.21, 1.27] P<0.05	I² = 0%, P = 0.42	Liu, 2020 [13]; Park 2021 [14]
	Highest: 10.2 Lowest: 2.98	CVD mortality	1.29 [1.13, 1.47] P<0.05	I² = 35%, P = 0.20	Liu, 2020 [13]; Stamatakis, 2019 [15]; Dohrn, 2017 [16]; Evenson, 2016 [17]
	Highest: 5 Lowest: 1	CVD morbidity and mortality	1.29 [0.93, 1.80] P = 0.13	I² = 69%, P = 0.04	Tu, 2020 [18]; Bellettiere, 2019 [19]; Borodulin, 2015 [20]
Screen time	Highest: 3.75 Lowest: 1	CVD morbidity	1.03 [0.99, 1.07] P = 0.21	I² = 95%, P<0.001	Garcia, 2019 [21]; Morales, 2018 [9]; Cumming, 2017 [22]; McDonnell, 2016 [23]
	Highest: 5 Lowest: 1	CVD morbidity^a	1.22 [0.98, 1.52] P = 0.07	I² = 0%, P = 0.35	Garcia, 2019 [21]; McDonnell, 2016 [23]
	Highest: 5 Lowest: 1	CVD morbidity^b	1.04 [1.03, 1.05] P<0.05	I² = 32%, P = 0.23	Garcia, 2019 [21]; Morales, 2018 [9]; McDonnell, 2016 [23]
	Highest: 5 Lowest: 1	CVD mortality	1.27 [1.05, 1.52] P = 0.01	I² = 87%, P<0.001	Hamer, 2020 [11]; Evenson, 2016 [17]; Grace, 2016 [24]; Ikehara, 2015 [25]; Keadle, 2015 [7]
	Highest: 6 Lowest: 1	CVD mortality^b	1.36 [1.03, 1.78] P<0.05	I² = 80%, P = 0.002	Evenson, 2016 [17]; Grace, 2016 [24]; Ikehara, 2015 [25]; Keadle, 2015 [7]

^aResults of sensitivity analysis
^bIn these meta-analysis, studies which did not include any physical activity intensity in the most adjusted models as a covariate were excluded

ISSN: 1471-2458