Table 6 Neighborhood environment scores by census indicators before and after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
Census variables | Classification of postcodes according to quartile levels of census indicators | Built environment score (6 items) | Physical environment score (3 items) | Social environment score (2 items) | Service environment score (3 items) | Total Place Standard score (14 items) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area-level variables before and after adjusting for individual-level variables† ‡ | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
% pre-1980 construction | Q1 – Lowest | 41.3 (18.6) | 38.5 (17.4) | |||
Q2 | 39.0 (19.1) | 37.3 (16.6) | ||||
Q3 | 36.0 (19.7) | 37.2 (18.9) | ||||
Q4—Highest | 32.6 (20.4) | 34.4 (18.7) | ||||
p-value | 0.007 | 0.34 | ||||
Unadjusted – Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -2.6 (-4.2, -1.0); p = 0.001 | -1.2 (-2.7, 0.2); p = 0.09 | ||||
Adjusted—Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -1.8 (-3.4, -0.2); p = 0.03 | -1.1 (-2.6, 0.3); p = 0.12 | ||||
% apartment blocks-mixed used | Q1 – Lowest | 43.7 (22.9) | 34.6 (25.5) | 32.2 (21.4) | ||
Q2 | 35.8 (19.5) | 29.8 (24.1) | 36.0 (19.4) | |||
Q3 | 38.0 (18.2) | 36.3 (24.6) | 38.6 (19.5) | |||
Q4—Highest | 31.7 (15.5) | 40.3 (25.7) | 38.3 (18.8) | |||
p-value | < 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.06 | |||
Unadjusted – Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -3.2 (-4.8, -1.6); p < 0.001 | 2.4 (0.4, 4.5); p = 0.02 | 2.0 (0.4, 3.6); p = 0.02 | |||
Adjusted—Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -2.9 (-4.6, -1.2); p < 0.001 | 2.2 (0.2, 4.2) p = 0.03 | 2.0 (0.4, 3.6); p = 0.01 | |||
% single-parent households | Q1 – Lowest | 40.6 (20.1) | 39.4 (26.9) | 38.9 (17.9) | ||
Q2 | 41.2 (19.4) | 33.4 (22.9) | 38.6 (16.6) | |||
Q3 | 34.2 (19.2) | 36.9 (27.4) | 35.1 (18.8) | |||
Q4—Highest | 32.9 (18.8) | 32.2 (24.2) | 33.9 (16.9) | |||
p-value | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.08 | |||
Unadjusted – Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -2.7 (-4.3, -1.1); p = 0.001 | -1.8 (-3.9, 0.2); p = 0.08 | -1.8 (-3.2, -0.3); p = 0.02 | |||
Adjusted—Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -2.3 (-3.8, -0.7); p = 0.005 | -1.9 (-4.0, -0.1); p = 0.06 | -1.7 (-3.1, -0.2); p = 0.02 | |||
% non-Cypriot population | Q1 – Lowest | 40.2 (19.7) | 31.4 (23.2) | |||
Q2 | 40.1 (20.0) | 36.5 (27.2) | ||||
Q3 | 36.3 (21.4) | 35.0 (24.8) | ||||
Q4—Highest | 33.7 (17.7) | 39.1 (26.4) | ||||
p-value | 0.03 | 0.13 | ||||
Unadjusted – Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -2.3 (-3.9, -0.7); p = 0.005 | 2.2 (0.1, 4.2); p = 0.04 | ||||
Adjusted—Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -1.7 (-3.3, -0.0); p = 0.05 | 2.0 (-0.1, 4.0); p = 0.06 | ||||
% population aged 65 or over | Q1 – Lowest | 41.7 (18.4) | ||||
Q2 | 36.5 (19.0) | |||||
Q3 | 33.8 (21.1) | |||||
Q4—Highest | 36.9 (19.4) | |||||
p-value | 0.02 | |||||
Unadjusted – Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -1.7 (-3.3, -0.1); p = 0.04 | |||||
Adjusted—Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -0.81 (-2.4, 0.8); p = 0.32 | |||||
Urban–rural place of residence | Urban (Ν = 379) | 35.8 (19.8) | 36.3 (26.2) | 37.1 (19.5) | ||
Rural (Ν = 70) | 45.1 (22.7) | 43.5 (27.6) | 30.8 (21.4) | |||
p-value | < 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |||
Unadjusted – Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -8.7 (-13.7, -3.7); p = 0.001 | -6.3 (-13.1, -0.4); p = 0.07 | 6.6 (1.5, 11.6); p = 0.01 | |||
Adjusted—Difference per quartile (95% CI); p-value | -7.6 (-12.6, 2.7); p = 0.003 | -6.4 (-13.1, 0.4); p = 0.06 | 6.9 (0.3, 7.8); p = 0.007 | |||