| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | Slope | Intercept | Slope | Intercept | Slope | |
b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | |
Mean | 15.150 (14.834, 15.466) | −0.337 (− 0.488, − 0.226) | 14.989 (14.420, 15.557) | − 0.343 (− 0.499, − 0.186) | 15.489 (14.915, 16.062) | − 0.386 (− 0.545, − 0.227) |
Variance | 8.628 (7.562, 9.695) | 0.074 (0.014, 0.133) | 8.508 (7.444, 9.571) | 0.070 (0.011, 0.129) | 7.844 (6.808, 8.880) | 0.064 (0.005, 0.123) |
Cognitive reserve | 1.852 (1.743, 1.961)* | 0.083 (0.058, 0.108)* | 1.839 (1.730, 1.948)* | 0.080 (0.055, 0.105)* | 1.768 (1.659, 1.876)* | 0.083 (0.057, 0.108)* |
Baseline age, centred | −0.229 (− 0.292, − 0.167)* | −0.024 (− 0.040, − 0.008)* | −0.223 (− 0.286, − 0.159)* | −0.023 (− 0.039, − 0.008)* | −0.207 (− 0.270, − 0.145)* | −0.025 (− 0.040, − 0.009)* |
Baseline age, squared | 0.002 (− 0.001, 0.005) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) | 0.002 (− 0.001, 0.005) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) | 0.002 (− 0.001, 0.004) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) |
Gender | ||||||
 Men | Ref | – | – | – | – | – |
 Women | −1.111 (− 1.415, − 0.806)* | 0.023 (− 0.047, 0.093) | − 1.155 (− 1.552, − 0.757)* | −0.025 (− 0.115, 0.065) | −1.015 (− 1.408, − 0.622)* | −0.035 (− 0.126, 0.055) |
Marital status | ||||||
 Unmarried |  |  | Ref | – | – | – |
 Married |  |  | 0.134 (−0.229, 0.498) | 0.067 (−0.020, 0.155) | 0.048 (− 0.311, 0.406) | 0.072 (− 0.016, 0.159) |
Alcohol drinking | ||||||
 Never |  |  | Ref | – | – | – |
 1/month |  |  | −0.804 (−2.184, 0.576) | 0.288 (−0.025, 0.602) | − 0.560 (−1.920, 0.800) | 0.287 (− 0.026, 0.601) |
 2–3/month |  |  | − 0.393 (− 1.374, 0.587) | 0.012 (− 0.201, 0.225) | −0.309 (− 1.273, 0.654) | −0.005 (− 0.217, 0.208) |
 1–6/week |  |  | 0.128 (−0.579, 0.834) | 0.014 (− 0.141, 0.169) | 0.083 (− 0.612, 0.778) | 0.021 (− 0.134, 0.176) |
 ≥1/day |  |  | −0.244 (− 0.693, 0.206) | 0.014 (− 0.087, 0.115) | −0.350 (− 0.792, 0.093) | 0.029 (− 0.071, 0.130) |
Smoking status | ||||||
 Never |  |  | Ref | – | – | – |
 Former |  |  | 0.160 (−0.351, 0.671) | −0.061 (− 0.178, 0.057) | 0.386 (− 0.118, 0.890) | −0.084 (− 0.202, 0.034) |
 Current |  |  | 0.046 (−0.345, 0.437) | −0.096 (− 0.183, − 0.009)* | 0.087 (− 0.297, 0.471) | −0.100 (− 0.187, − 0.013)* |
BMI | ||||||
 Underweight |  |  | −0.515 (− 0.992, − 0.037)* | −0.037 (− 0.151, 0.077) | −0.399 (− 0.870, 0.072) | −0.044 (− 0.158, 0.071) |
 Normal |  |  | Ref | – | – | – |
 Overweight |  |  | 0.459 (0.086, 0.832)* | −0.021 (− 0.105, 0.063) | 0.367 (− 0.005, 0.739) | −0.017 (− 0.102, 0.069) |
 Obesity |  |  | −0.152 (− 0.748, 0.445) | 0.102 (− 0.033, 0.238) | −0.237 (− 0.841, 0.367) | 0.108 (− 0.032, 0.248) |
Hearing loss | ||||||
 No |  |  |  |  | Ref | – |
 Yes |  |  |  |  | −0.934 (−1.334, − 0.535)* | 0.089 (− 0.011, 0.189) |
Hypertension | ||||||
 No |  |  |  |  | Ref | – |
 Yes |  |  |  |  | 0.070 (−0.242, 0.382) | −0.013 (− 0.086, 0.059) |
Diabetes | ||||||
 No |  |  |  |  | Ref | – |
 Yes |  |  |  |  | 0.318 (−0.299, 0.935) | −0.084 (− 0.231, 0.062) |
Heart diseases | ||||||
 No |  |  |  |  | Ref | – |
 Yes |  |  |  |  | 0.300 (−0.114, 0.715) | 0.067 (− 0.029, 0.164) |
Stroke | ||||||
 No |  |  |  |  | Ref | – |
 Yes |  |  |  |  | −0.329 (−1.065, 0.407) | −0.061 (− 0.242, 0.120) |
Dyslipidaemia | ||||||
 No |  |  |  |  | Ref | – |
 Yes |  |  |  |  | 0.043 (−0.497, 0.583) | 0.034 (− 0.086, 0.155) |
Probable depression§ | ||||||
 No |  |  |  |  | Ref | – |
 Yes |  |  |  |  | −1.030 (−1.338, −0.723)* | 0.059 (−0.013, 0.131) |
ADLs (0–6) |  |  |  |  | −0.371 (− 0.499, − 0.242)* | 0.037 (0.004, 0.070)* |