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Table 3 Factors associated with lipid-lowering medications use

From: Prevalence and factors associated with lipid-lowering medications use for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases among Malaysians: the REDISCOVER study

 

Crude OR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Age groups (years)

 30–39

1

 

1

 

 40–49

2.00 (1.31–3.06)

0.001*

0.97 (0.53–1.78)

0.92

 50–59

4.47 (2.98–6.70)

0.000*

1.57 (0.86–2.87)

0.14

 ≥60

4.99 (3.32–7.49)

0.000*

1.69 (0.88–3.27)

0.12

Gender

 Male

1

 

1

 

 Female

0.75 (0.65–0.87)

0.000*

1.00 (0.72–1.40)

0.98

Ethnicity

 Malay

1

 

1

 

 Chinese

2.17 (1.80–2.61)

0.000*

1.49 (0.91–2.44)

0.11

 Indian

2.67 (1.95–3.66)

0.000*

1.25 (0.66–2.35)

0.49

 Indigenous

0.40 (0.30–0.55)

0.000*

1.34 (0.77–2.31)

0.30

Education attainment

 No formal education

1

 

1

 

 Primary school

1.52 (1.14–2.03)

0.004*

1.10 (0.58–2.11)

0.770

 Secondary school

1.86 (1.42–2.44)

0.000*

2.46 (1.29–4.70)

0.006*

 Tertiary

2.78 (2.10–3.68)

0.000*

2.25 (1.06–4.78)

0.035*

Location

 Urban

1

 

1

 

 Rural

0.34 (0.29–0.40)

0.000*

0.58 (0.41–0.82)

0.002*

Occupation

 Homemaker/unemployed

1

 

1

 

 Semi-skilled

0.66 (0.56–0.78)

0.000*

0.87 (0.58–1.31)

0.516

 Skilled workers

1.16 (0.91–1.48)

0.239

1.12 (0.66–1.90)

0.680

 Managerial and Professional

1.56 (1.23–1.97)

0.000*

1.42 (0.78–2.60)

0.250

Household income group

 Bottom 40% (≤ RM 4849)

1

 

1

 

 Middle 40% – Top 20% (≥ RM 4850)

2.80 (2.12–3.69)

0.000*

1.57 (0.99–2.50)

0.054

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

1

 

1

 

 Previous smoker

0.59 (0.45–0.77)

0.000*

0.56 (0.33–0.95)

0.032*

 Current smoker

1.70 (1.40–2.06)

0.000*

1.18 (0.81–1.70)

0.386

Body mass index (kg/m2)

 Normal (18.5–22.9)

1

 

1

 

 Underweight (< 18.5)

2.65 (1.23–5.73)

0.013*

0.33 (0.04–2.44)

0.274

 Overweight (23–27.4)

4.71 (2.21–10.03)

0.000*

1.71 (1.11–2.64)

0.015*

 Obese (≥ 27.5)

5.65 (2.65–12.03)

0.000*

1.80 (1.15–2.83)

0.010*

Waist-hip ratio

 Normal

1

 

1

 

 Abdominal obesity (Male ≥0.90; female ≥0.85)

1.96 (1.67–2.29)

0.000*

1.40 (1.03–1.92)

0.032*

Diabetes

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

3.44 (2.96–4.01)

0.000*

2.38 (1.78–3.19)

0.000*

Hypertension

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

2.98 (2.54–3.50)

0.000*

2.87 (2.09–3.95)

0.000*

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

4.99 (4.09–6.10)

0.000*

3.30 (2.26–4.84)

0.000*

Hypercholesterolaemia

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.85 (0.73–0.98)

0.029*

1.27 (0.83–1.95)

0.274

High LDL-c

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.70 (0.60–0.81)

0.000

0.66 (0.44–0.98)

0.037*

Hypertriglyceridaemia

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.24 (1.07–1.44)

0.005

1.11 (0.82–1.50)

0.496

Low HDL-c

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.77 (0.65–0.90)

0.001

0.72 (0.53–0.99)

0.039*

  1. Abbreviation: OR Odds ratio
  2. Variables included in multiple logistic regression model: age, gender, ethnicity, education, location (urban/rural), occupation, household income, smoking status, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, diabetes, hypertension, CVD, dyslipidaemia subtypes (hypercholesterolaemia, high LDL-c, hypertriglyceridaemia, low HDL-c. No significant interactions
  3. *Significant at p < 0.05
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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