Non-linear associations between healthy Nordic foods and all-cause mortality in the NOWAC study: a prospective study

Table 2 Hazard ratios (HR) and all-cause mortality according to intake categories of healthy Nordic food groups. From: Non-linear associations between healthy Nordic foods and all-cause mortality in the NOWAC study: a prospective study

Healthy Nordic food groups	Intake categories (g/day)	Total N	No. of deaths	All-cause mortality
				Age-adjusted*	Multivariable-adjusted model**	P for trend
				HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Nordic fruits and vegetables	< 100	20 537	2 530	1.00	1.00	0.94
	100–199	32 501	3 168	0.79 (0.75–0.83)	0.91 (0.87–0.96)
	200–299	18 904	1 787	0.77 (0.72–0.82)	0.96 (0.90–1.02)
	≥ 300	11 727	1 022	0.78 (0.73–0.84)	1.00 (0.91–1.08)
Wholegrain products	< 60	14 724	1 419	1.00	1.00	0.02
	60–119	24 439	2 669	0.91 (0.85–0.97)	0.96 (0.90–1.03)
	120–179	16 071	1 550	0.78 (0.73–0.83)	0.91 (0.84–0.98)
	≥ 180	28 435	2 869	0.84 (0.79–0.90)	0.89 (0.82–0.97)
Fatty fish	< 5	23 792	2 497	1.00	1.00	0.17
	5–14	25 882	2 517	0.94 (0.89–1.00)	1.01 (0.95–1.07)
	15–29	22 074	2 090	0.90 (0.85–0.96)	0.99 (0.93–1.05)
	≥ 30	11 921	1 403	0.98 (0.92–1.05)	1.06 (0.99–1.14)
Lean fish	< 15	28 254	2 529	1.00	1.00	0.04
	15–29	22 562	2 023	0.92 (0.87–0.97)	0.96 (0.91–1.02)
	30–44	14 841	1 469	0.93 (0.87–0.99)	0.99 (0.92–1.05)
	≥ 45	18 012	2 486	0.95 (0.90–1.01)	0.93 (0.88–0.99)
Low-fat dairy products	Non-consumers	13 916	1 554	1.00	1.00	0.14
	< 200	34 848	3 078	0.79 (0.74–0.84)	0.91 (0.85–0.96)
	200–399	18 203	1 883	0.78 (0.73–0.84)	0.96 (0.90–1.03)
	≥ 400	16 702	1 992	0.84 (0.78–0.90)	0.99 (0.92–1.06)

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
^*Age-adjusted with age as underlying timescale and subcohorts (n = 5) included as strata variable
^**Age-adjusted and mutually adjusted for the healthy Nordic food groups, BMI < 20, 20–24.9, 25–29.9, ≥ 30 (kg/m²), physical activity (low, medium, high), smoking status (never, current heavy smoker early starter, current moderate smoker early starter, current smoker late starter, former smoker early starter, former smoker late starter), education (< 10, 10–12, > 12 years of schooling) intake of energy (kJ/day continuous), alcohol (non-consumer, 0–5, > 5 g/day), and processed red meat (< 15, 15–29, 30–44, ≥ 45 g/day)

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