The source and fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wastewater and possible routes of transmission

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Occurrence of MTBC in wastewater

Specific MTBC organism	Sample matrix	Study location	Detection method	Target	Reference
M. tuberculosis	Raw sewage, sewage effluent	Poland	Culture-based		[64]
M. tuberculosis	Sanatorium sewage: inlet, settling tank and outlet	India	Culture-based		[66]
M. bovis, M. tuberculosis	Sewage from cattle farm used for pastures	Poland	Culture-based		[73, 74]
M. bovis, M. tuberculosis	Sewage from tuberculous sanatorium and hospitals, towns and sewage purification plants	Poland	Culture-based (Sewer swabs)		[70, 71]
M. tuberculosis	Sewage sediment	Poland	Culture-based		[75]
M. bovis, M. tuberculosis	Sewage water around tuberculous sanatoria	Kazakhstan	Culture-based		[63]
M. tuberculosis	Wash-off water from wearing apparel, crockery, household utensils, etc	Russia	Culture-based		[72]
M. tuberculosis, M. bovis	River sediment (wastewater present)	Romania, Portugal,	PCR-based	16SRNA sequence	[62, 76]
M. tuberculosis	Fresh sewage used for pastures and fields	Germany	Culture-based		[62]
M. tuberculosis	Activated sludge and effluent	Hong Kong	PCR-based	16S rRNA gene & IS6110	[63]
M.bovis/caprae/microti/tuberculosis/africanum/pinnipedii	River (sediment/ water)	Portugal	PCR-based	16SRNA sequence	[76]
M. tuberculosis	soil and water	Tehran, Iran	Culture, biochemical and PCR-based	16S–23S RNA gene spacer polymerase chain reaction	[67]
M. tuberculosis	Drinking water and sewage water	Pakistan	Culture, biochemical and PCR-based	RNA converted to cDNA for amplification	[61]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex	water	South Africa	PCR-based	Genomic DNA	[16]

ISSN: 1471-2458