Table 2 Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors between low and high SCD-Q9 score groups (n=688)

Age (years)

20.07

<0.001***

 ≤70

285 (41.4)

147 (51.4)

138 (34.3)

1.00

 >70

403 (58.3)

139 (48.6)

264 (65.7)

1.08 (0.73-1.60)

0.699

Female

429 (62.4)

142 (49.7)

287 (71.4)

36.65

<0.001***

1.99 (1.35,2.93)

<0.001***

Widowed/separated/single

241 (35.0)

76 (26.6)

165 (41.0)

15.38

<0.001***

1.07 (0.72-1.58)

0.754

Education level

25.74

<0.001***

 College or higher

116 (16.9)

51 (17.8)

65 (16.2)

1.00

 Senior high school

229 (33.3)

108 (37.8)

121 (30.1)

1.00 (0.66-1.87)

0.693

 Junior high school

186 (27.0)

89 (31.1)

97 (24.1)

1.14 (0.66-1.97)

0.643

 Primary school or lower

157 (22.8)

38 (13.3)

119 (29.6)

2.58 (1.38-4.83)

0.003**

Monthly income (¥)

15.19

0.001***

 More than 6000

131 (19.0)

35 (12.2)

96 (23.9)

1.00

 3500-5999

414 (60.2)

183 (64.0)

231 (57.5)

0.58 (0.33-1.01)

0.055

 Less than 3500

143 (20.8)

68 (23.8)

75 (18.7)

0.44 (0.22-0.85)

0.015*

Residence (Nursing home)

225 (32.7)

54 (18.9)

171 (42.5)

42.49

<0.001***

1.90 (1.18-3.05)

0.008*

Current smoking

65 (9.4)

47 (16.4)

18 (4.5)

27.92

<0.001***

0.46 (0.24-0.90)

0.024*

Alcohol drinking

47 (6.8)

27 (9.4)

20 (5.0)

5.24

0.022*

1.34 (0.66-2.72)

0.422

Tea-drinking habits

271 (39.4)

144 (50.3)

127 (31.6)

24.63

<0.001***

0.64 (0.45-0.92)

0.015*

Napping habits

537 (78.1)

205 (71.7)

332 (82.6)

11.61

0.001***

1.59 (1.06-2.40)

0.026*

Physical exercise frequency

0.78

0.678

 Occasionally exercise

73 (10.6)

33 (11.5)

40 (10.0)

1.00

 Hardly exercise

122 (17.7)

53 (18.5)

69 (17.2)

1.31 (0.69-2.49)

0.415

 Frequently exercise

493 (71.7)

200 (69.9)

293 (72.9)

1.15 (0.66-2.00)

0.622

BMI (kg/m²)

4.10

0.129

 18.5 to 24

356 (51.7)

155 (54.2)

201 (50.0)

1.00

 < 18.5

55 (8.0)

16 (5.6)

39 (9.7)

1.87 (0.94-6.72)

0.076

 ≥ 24

277 (40.3)

115 (40.2)

162 (40.3)

1.23 (0.86-1.75)

0.252