Table 3 The crude and age- and sex-standardized prevalence rates of anemia by baseline characteristics (n = 3,899) in Khuzestan, Iran, from 2016 to 2019

 Overall

3,899 / 29,550

13.19 (12.81–13.59)

10.86 (10.51–11.23)

Demographics

 Gender ^**

  Female

3,288 / 18,789

17.50 (16.96–18.05)

17.08 (16.52–17.66)

  Male

611 / 10,761

5.68 (5.26–6.13)

4.87 (4.47–5.30)

 Age categories (years) ^{a ***}

  20–34

1,008 / 9,329

10.81 (10.19–11.45)

9.19 (8.64–9.76)

  35–49

1,805 / 11,456

15.76 (15.10–16.43)

13.43 (12.84–14.04)

  50–65

1,079 / 8,711

12.39 (11.71–13.10)

11.53 (10.87–12.23)

 Area of residence

  Rural

900 / 7,819

11.51 (10.82–12.24)

9.19 (8.58–9.85)

  Urban

2,999 / 21,731

13.80 (13.35–14.27)

11.54 (11.12–11.98)

 Ethnicity ^a

  Arab

1,902 / 14,377

13.23 (12.69–13.79)

10.66 (10.16–11.17)

  Bakhtiari

844 / 6,520

12.94 (12.15–13.78)

10.75 (10.01–11.54)

  Fars

766 / 5,521

13.87 (12.99–14.81)

11.98 (11.11–12.90)

  Others

380 / 3,078

12.35 (11.23–13.56)

10.12 (9.10–11.24)

 Marital status

  Single

404 / 3,601

11.22 (10.23–12.29)

8.54 (7.71–9.45)

  Married

3,257 / 24,441

13.33 (12.91–13.76)

11.20 (10.81–11.61)

  Divorced / Widowed

238 / 1,508

15.78 (14.03–17.71)

15.41 (13.59–17.43)

Socioeconomics variables

 Educational Level ^b

  Illiterate

805 / 5,441

14.80 (13.88–15.76)

13.50 (12.60–14.46)

  Primary

1,269 / 8,899

14.26 (13.55–15.00)

12.22 (11.55–12.92)

  Secondary

1,413 / 11,445

12.35 (11.76–12.96)

10.02 (9.48–10.58)

  Tertiary

411 / 3,761

10.93 (9.97–11.97)

8.88 (8.02–9.82)

 Occupational status ^c

  Working

530 / 8,731

6.07 (5.59–6.59)

5.08 (4.63–5.56)

  Housewife

3,018 / 17,195

17.55 (16.99–18.13)

17.10 (16.52–17.71)

  Unemployed / Retired / Student

315 / 3,426

9.19 (8.27–10.21)

7.68 (6.83–8.64)

 Wealth status quartiles ^d

  Lowest

1,010 / 7,350

13.74 (12.97–14.55)

11.58 (10.85–12.35)

  Up to median

988 / 7,257

13.61 (12.84–14.42)

11.65 (10.91–12.44)

  Above median

1,014 / 7,843

12.93 (12.20–13.69)

10.25 (9.61–10.93)

  Highest

865 / 6,925

12.49 (11.73–13.29)

10.06 (9.37–10.79)

Individual factors

 BMI categories ^e

  Underweight

139 / 811

17.14 (14.70–19.89)

13.84 (11.65–16.37)

  Normal weight

1,146 / 8,724

13.14 (12.44–13.86)

10.71 (10.08–11.38)

  Overweight

1,319 / 11,064

11.92 (11.33–12.54)

9.71 (9.17–10.28)

  Obese

1,271 / 8,814

14.42 (13.70–15.17)

12.23 (11.56–12.94)

 Abdominal obesity ^f

  Normal

1,545 / 11,463

13.48 (12.87–14.12)

10.62 (10.07–11.19)

  Increased

2,332 / 17,947

12.99 (12.51–13.49)

11.06 (10.60–11.53)

 Ever cigarettes smoker ^g

  Yes

223 / 3,253

6.86 (6.04–7.78)

5.40 (4.68–6.22)

  No

3,672 / 26,241

13.99 (13.58–14.42)

11.75 (11.36–12.15)

 Ever hookah smoker ^g

  Yes

91 / 1,582

5.75 (4.71–7.01)

3.80 (3.03–4.76)

  No

3,804 / 27,912

13.63 (13.23–14.04)

11.51 (11.13–11.89)

 Ever opium user ^g

  Yes

60 / 834

7.19 (5.63–9.16)

5.58 (4.28–7.24)

  No

3,835 / 28,660

13.38 (12.99–13.78)

11.07 (10.71–11.45)

 Ever alcohol drinker ^g

  Yes

22 / 641

3.43 (2.27–5.16)

2.35 (1.52–3.64)

  No

3,873 / 28,853

13.42 (13.03–13.82)

11.20 (10.83–11.57)

 Sleeping duration ^h

  Enough

2,174 / 16,522

13.16 (12.65–13.68)

10.85 (10.38–11.34)

  Not enough

1,325 / 10,551

12.56 (11.94–13.20)

10.14 (9.58–10.74)

  Excessive

397 / 2,443

16.25 (14.84–17.77)

13.79 (12.46–15.24)

 Physical activity tertiles ⁱ

  Low

1,080 / 9,173

11.77 (11.13–12.45)

9.58 (8.99–10.21)

  Moderate

1,779 / 12,597

14.12 (13.53–14.74)

12.08 (11.51–12.68)

  High

1,032 / 7,703

13.40 (12.65–14.18)

10.64 (9.98–11.35)

Medical characteristics

 Diabetes

  Yes

616 / 4,597

13.40 (12.45–14.42)

11.64 (10.74–12.61)

  No

3,283 / 24,953

13.16 (12.74–13.58)

10.76 (10.38–11.16)

 Hypertension

  Yes

789 / 5,883

13.41 (12.56–14.31)

11.42 (10.62–12.27)

  No

3,110 / 23,667

13.14 (12.72–13.58)

10.76 (10.37–11.17)

 Metabolic syndrome

  Yes

1165 / 9,652

12.07 (11.44–12.74)

9.83 (9.25–10.43)

  No

2,734 / 19,898

13.74 (13.27–14.23)

11.26 (10.83–11.72)

 CKD ^j

  Yes

270 / 2,115

16.41 (14.89–18.05)

14.51 (13.06–16.10)

  Non-CKD / Unknown

3,622 / 27,376

12.95 (12.56–13.35)

10.66 (10.30–11.04)