Table 1 Characteristics of women and infants by HIV status at 6/10 weeks and 6 months in Cape Town, South Africa and Lusaka, Zambia
Maternal characteristics | Total (n, %) | Women living without HIV | Women living with HIV | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
773 | 378 (49) | 395 (51) | ||
Sociodemographic | ||||
 Age (median, IQR) years | 29 (25–34) | 27 (23–32) | 31 (26–35) | < 0.001 |
 Weight at 6/10 weeks (median, IQR) kg | 68 (59–83) | 69 (60–87) | 67 (57–80) | 0.01 |
 Weight at 6 mons (median, IQR) kg | 69 (58–85) | 71 (60–89) | 66 (56–81) | 0.001 |
 Height (median, IQR) metres | 1.58 (1.54–1.63) | 1.58 (1.54–1.62) | 1.59 (1.55–1.63) | 0.03 |
 Maternal BMI at 6/10 weeks (kg/m2) | 27 (24–33) | 28 (25–34) | 27 (23–31) | < 0.001 |
 Maternal BMI at 6 months (kg/m2) | 27 (24–33) | 29 (24–35) | 26 (23–32) | < 0.001 |
 ART initiation | ||||
  Receiving ARVs at conception | 256 (65) * | – | 256 (65) |  |
  Resuming/initiating ARVs during pregnancy | 139 (35) * | – | 139 (35) |  |
ART duration in pregnancy (median, IQR) weeks | 37 (24–39) | – | 37 (24–39) |  |
Education level completed | ||||
 Primary | 111 (14) | 33 (9) | 78 (20) | < 0.001 |
 Secondary | 636 (82) | 330 (87) | 306 (77) |  |
 Tertiary (University) | 26 (4) | 15 (4) | 11 (3) |  |
Relationship with father of child | ||||
 Married/Cohabiting | 486 (63) | 243 (64) | 243 (62) | 0.42 |
 Not married/ Non-cohabiting | 287 (37) | 135 (36) | 152 (38) |  |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Formal employment | 187 (24) | 81 (21) | 106 (27) | 0.21 |
 Informal employment | 45 (6) | 26 (6) | 22 (6) |  |
 Unemployed/attending school | 541 (70) | 274 (72) | 267 (67) |  |
Child characteristics | ||||
 Sex |  |  |  |  |
  Male | 379 (49) | 189 (50) | 190 (48) | 0.59 |
  Female | 394 (51) | 189 (50) | 205 (52) |  |
 Age at 6/10 weeks (median, IQR) in days | 70 (51–73) | 70 (57–74) | 69 (49–73) | 0.06 |
 Age at 6 months (median, IQR) in days | 184 (181–193) | 183 (180–191) | 184 (181–196) | 0.04 |
 Weight at birth (median, IQR) kg | ||||
  Male | 3.1 (2.9–3.5) | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 3.1 (2.8–3.5) | 0.24 |
  Female | 3.1 (2.8–3.4) | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 3.1 (2.8–3.3) | < 0.001 |
 Low weight at birth (< 2.5 kg) | ||||
  Male | 25 (7) | 15 (8) | 10 (5) | 0.29 |
  Female | 21 (5) | 7 (4) | 14 (7) | 0.17 |
 Weight at 6/10 weeks (median, IQR) kg | ||||
  Male | 5.5 (4.8–6.2) | 5.8 (5.1–6.4) | 5.3 (4.7–5.9) | < 0.001 |
  Female | 5.2 (4.6–5.8) | 5.3 (4.8–6.0) | 5.0 (4.5–5.7) | 0.001 |
 Weight at 6 months (median, IQR) kg | ||||
  Male | 7.8 (7.1–8.7) | 7.9 (7.2–8.8) | 7.6 (7.0–8.6) | 0.16 |
  Female | 7.3 (6.7–8.2) | 7.5 (6.8–8.5) | 7.2 (6.7–8.0) | 0.03 |
 Length at 6/10 weeks (median, IQR) cm | ||||
  Male | 57 (53–59) | 57 (53–60) | 56 (54–58) | 0.14 |
  Female | 56 (53–58) | 56 (53–58) | 56 (53–58) | 0.39 |
 Length at 6 months (median, IQR) cm | ||||
  Male | 66 (63–68) | 66 (63–69) | 65 (63–67) | 0.002 |
  Female | 64 (62–67) | 64 (62–67) | 64 (62–66) | 0.34 |
 Z-scores at 6/10 weeks, mean (SD) | ||||
  Weight-for-age | −0.15 (1.17) | 0.05 (1.16) | −0.34 (1.14) | < 0.001 |
  Length-for-age | −1.07 (1.43) | −1.02 (1.49) | −1.12 (1.37) | 0.35 |
  Weight-for-length | 1.19 (1.78) | 1.43 (1.78) | 0.96 (1.76) | < 0.001 |
 Z-scores at 6 months, mean (SD) | ||||
  Weight-for-age | 0.02 (1.25) | 0.17 (1.24) | −0.10 (1.24) | 0.002 |
  Length-for-age | −0.95 (1.51) | −0.76 (1.48) | −1.12 (1.53) | 0.001 |
  Weight-for-length | 0.95 (1.46) | 0.99 (1.48) | 0.92 (1.44) | 0.51 |
 Child feeding practice at 6/10 weeks | ||||
  Exclusive breast feeding | 560 (72) | 287 (76) | 273 (69) | < 0.001 |
  Formula feeding only | 138 (18) | 40 (10) | 98 (25) |  |
  Mixed breastfeeding and other | 75 (10) | 51 (14) | 24 (6) |  |
 Child feeding practice at 6 months | ||||
  Exclusive breast feeding | 295 (38) | 170 (45) | 125 (32) | < 0.001 |
  Formula feeding only | 396 (51) | 150 (40) | 246 (62) |  |
  Mixed breastfeeding and other | 82 (11) | 58 (15) | 24 (6) |  |