Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample (N = 4148)
From: Prospective associations between alcohol consumption and psychological well-being in midlife
Total | Weekly units of alcohol at baseline | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 units | 1-14 units | 15-21 units | ≥ 22 units | p-value a | ||
Total | N = 4003 | 280 (7.0) | 2136 (53.4) | 670 (16.7) | 917 (22.9) | |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
Age (mean [SD]) | 51.7 (3.0) | 51.5 (3.5) | 51.6 (3.3) | 51.6 (2.6) | 51.6 (2.5) | 0.821 |
Sex (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 3336 (80.4) | 183 (65.4) | 1592 (74.5) | 594 (88.7) | 860 (93.8) | |
Female | 812 (19.6) | 97 (34.6) | 544 (25.5) | 76 (11.3) | 57 (6.2) | |
Cohort (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
MP cohort | 2746 (66.2) | 148 (52.9) | 1282 (60.0) | 512 (76.4) | 727 (79.3) | |
DALWUH cohort | 1402 (33.8) | 132 (47.1) | 854 (40.0) | 158 (23.6) | 190 (20.7) | |
Educational level (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Low | 527 (12.8) | 67 (23.9) | 234 (11.0) | 73 (10.9) | 115 (12.6) | |
Medium | 1949 (47.3) | 127 (45.4) | 1006 (47.5) | 306 (45.7) | 441 (48.2) | |
High | 1643 (39.9) | 86 (30.7) | 879 (41.5) | 291 (43.4) | 358 (39.2) | |
Currently employed (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 3782 (91.5) | 214 (76.4) | 1994 (93.7) | 634 (94.6) | 835 (91.1) | |
No | 353 (8.5) | 66 (23.6) | 134 (6.3) | 36 (5.4) | 82 (8.9) | |
Other lifestyle factors | ||||||
Smoking (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Current smoker | 1282 (31.4) | 112 (40.0) | 534 (25.0) | 188 (28.1) | 403 (44.1) | |
Ex-smoker | 1438 (35.1) | 88 (31.4) | 750 (35.2) | 274 (40.9) | 302 (33.0) | |
Never-smoker | 1370 (33.5) | 80 (28.6) | 848 (39.8) | 208 (31.0) | 209 (22.9) | |
Leisure time physical activity (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Heavy/moderate exercise | 1219 (29.9) | 81 (28.9) | 671 (31.6) | 211 (31.5) | 231 (25.3) | |
Light exercise | 2343 (57.4) | 146 (52.1) | 1202 (56.6) | 384 (57.3) | 559 (61.2) | |
Sedentary activities | 521 (12.8) | 53 (18.9) | 250 (11.8) | 75 (11.2) | 124 (13.6) | |
Body Mass Index (N [%]) | 0.002 | |||||
< 30 kg/m2 | 3641 (89.4) | 227 (84.1) | 1890 (89.8) | 606 (92.4) | 805 (89.2) | |
≥ 30 kg/m2 | 431 (10.6) | 43 (15.9) | 214 (10.2) | 50 (7.6) | 97 (10.8) | |
Social relations | ||||||
Children (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 3504 (84.8) | 225 (80.4) | 1860 (87.5) | 559 (83.4) | 752 (82.0) | |
No | 626 (15.2) | 55 (19.6) | 265 (12.5) | 111 (16.6) | 165 (18.0) | |
Living alone (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 640 (15.5) | 79 (28.2) | 278 (13.1) | 74 (11.1) | 161 (17.7) | |
No | 3478 (84.5) | 201 (71.8) | 1844 (86.9) | 591 (88.9) | 750 (82.3) | |
Rarely have someone to talk well with (N [%]) | 0.062 | |||||
Yes | 35 (0.9) | 6 (2.1) | 15 (0.7) | 4 (0.6) | 6 (0.7) | |
No | 4081 (99.2) | 274 (97.9) | 2108 (99.3) | 662 (99.4) | 903 (99.3) | |
Morbidity | ||||||
Self-rated health (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Low | 399 (9.7) | 67 (24.2) | 159 (7.5) | 42 (6.3) | 87 (9.6) | |
Medium | 3180 (77.6) | 184 (66.4) | 1668 (79.0) | 532 (80.2) | 718 (79.2) | |
High | 518 (12.6) | 26 (9.4) | 285 (13.5) | 89 (13.4) | 101 (11.1) | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index score (N [%]) | 0.005 | |||||
0 | 3880 (93.5) | 252 (90.0) | 2017 (94.4) | 640 (95.5) | 853 (93.0) | |
1 | 136 (3.3) | 14 (5.0) | 54 (2.5) | 17 (2.5) | 40 (4.4) | |
≥ 2 | 132 (3.2) | 14 (5.0) | 65 (3.0) | 13 (1.9) | 24 (2.6) | |
Psychiatric hospital diagnoses (N [%]) | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 131 (3.2) | 26 (9.3) | 40 (1.9) | 13 (1.9) | 27 (2.9) | |
No | 4017 (96.8) | 254 (90.7) | 2096 (98.1) | 657 (98.1) | 890 (97.1) | |
Alcohol consumption (exposure variable) | ||||||
Binge drinking (N [%])b | < 0.001 | |||||
< once per month | 712 (26.7) | 106 (71.6) | 507 (40.0) | 55 (10.8) | 27 (3.8) | |
1-3 times per month | 1095 (41.1) | 37 (25.0) | 628 (49.6) | 258 (50.6) | 170 (23.7) | |
≥ once per week | 858 (32.2) | 5 (3.4) | 131 (10.3) | 197 (38.6) | 521 (72.6) | |