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Table 3 Respondents’ perceptions of the pollution indicators between rural with urban

From: Investigating the current environmental situation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region during the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic: urban vs. rural context

 

Rural, n = 1760

Urban n = 5011

Unpaired t-test

95% Confidence Interval

Mann-Whitney U testγ

Fisher’s exact testδ

Mean (SD)*

No. (%) disagreeω

No. (%) agreeα

Mean (SD)*

No. (%) disagreeω

No. (%) agreeα

p-valueβ

lower

Upper

Z-value

p-value

Did you notice an increase in the number of masks thrown on the streets?

3.64 (1.13)

362 (20.57%)

1223 (69.49%)

3.78 (1.09)

850 (16.97%)

3669 (73.22%)

< 0.001

0.077

0.199

−4.605

< 0.001

0.003

Did you notice an increase in the number of masks thrown in rivers and lakes?

3.13 (0.93)

376 (21.37%)

517 (29.38%)

3.22 (0.96)

952 (19%)

1665 (33.23%)

0.001

0.036

0.138

−3.348

< 0.001

0.003

Did you notice an increase in the number of plastic gloves thrown on the streets?

2.89 (1.19)

817 (46.43%)

663 (37.67%)

3.12 (1.23)

1939 (38.7%)

2341 (46.72%)

< 0.001

0.166

0.296

−6.849

< 0.001

< 0.001

Did you notice an increase in the number of plastic gloves thrown in rivers and lakes?

2.96 (0.98)

516 (29.32%)

413 (23.47%)

3.02 (1)

1346 (26.87%)

1327 (26.48%)

0.016

0.012

0.119

−2.578

0.010

0.013

Did you notice an increase in the number of plastic bags thrown on the street?

3.29 (1.08)

456 (25.91%)

850 (48.3%)

3.44 (1.09)

1184 (23.63%)

2718 (54.24%)

< 0.001

0.092

0.209

−4.976

< 0.001

< 0.001

Did you notice an increase in hospital waste?

3.45 (0.96)

229 (13.02%)

797 (45.28%)

3.55 (1)

643 (12.84%)

2543 (50.75%)

< 0.001

0.053

0.158

−4.013

< 0.001

< 0.001

Did you notice an increase in laboratories’ wastes?

3.4 (0.94)

224 (12.73%)

745 (42.33%)

3.45 (0.95)

617 (12.32%)

2209 (44.08%)

0.077

−0.005

0.098

−1.614

0.106

0.209

Did you notice an increase in special places designated for medical waste disposal?

3.02 (1.06)

508 (28.87%)

534 (30.34%)

3.04 (1.1)

1453 (29%)

1640 (32.73%)

0.372

−0.032

0.085

−0.999

0.318

0.066

  1. * – Participant perceptions were measured using the following scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree; 2 = Disagree; 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree; 4 = Agree; 5 = Strongly Agree
  2. ω – Percentage in disagreement was calculated using those who responded “Strongly disagree” or “Disagree”
  3. α – Percentage in agreement was calculated using those who responded “Strongly agree” or “Agree”
  4. β – p-values from unpaired t-test comparing rural with urban (assuming unequal variance)
  5. γ – Used to confirm unpaired t-test results
  6. δ – Used to compare No. (%) agree between rural with urban
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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