| 2005 data | 2015 data | 2005 and 2015 combined | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRR (95% CI) | p value | PRR (95% CI) | p value | PRR (95% CI) | p value | |
Level-1 indicators | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Female (vs. Male) | 1.19(1.09-1.30) | 0.0001 | 1.23(1.17-1.29) | <0.0001 | 1.22(1.17-1.27) | <0.0001 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Other (vs. Han) | 1.11(0.96-1.28) | 0.15 | 0.96(0.88-1.04) | 0.30 | 0.99(0.92-1.07) | 0.78 |
Location of residence | ||||||
Rural (vs. Urban) | 1.06(0.96-1.16) | 0.24 | 1.01(0.96-1.07) | 0.59 | 1.03(0.99-1.08) | 0.14 |
Only child | ||||||
Yes (vs. No) | 0.95(0.86-1.05) | 0.29 | 0.96(0.92-1.01) | 0.11 | 0.98(0.93-1.02) | 0.33 |
Parental highest education attainment (vs. Junior high school or below) | ||||||
High school | 1.05(0.92-1.19) | 0.47 | 1.02(0.95-1.11) | 0.54 | 1.04(0.97-1.11) | 0.29 |
Tertiary or bachelor degree or above | 1.11(0.94-1.30) | 0.22 | 1.02(0.93-1.12) | 0.63 | 1.04(0.96-1.13) | 0.30 |
Unknown or orphan | 1.06(0.85-1.31) | 0.62 | 1.04(0.95-1.15) | 0.39 | 1.05(0.96-1.15) | 0.27 |
Toothbrushing frequency | ||||||
Twice or more per day (vs. Once a day or less) | 0.92(0.83-1.01) | 0.087 | 1.02(0.98-1.06) | 0.40 | 1.01(0.97-1.06) | 0.60 |
Use of dental floss | ||||||
Yes (vs. No or do not know) | 0.95(0.80-1.12) | 0.53 | 1.06(0.99-1.14) | 0.098 | 1.05(0.98-1.12) | 0.15 |
Frequency of toothache within the past 12 months (vs. Never) | ||||||
Often | 1.40(1.15-1.70) | 0.0008 | 1.45(1.30-1.62) | <0.0001 | 1.44(1.31-1.59) | <0.0001 |
Occasionally | 1.25(1.12-1.39) | <0.0001 | 1.28(1.21-1.36) | <0.0001 | 1.27(1.21-1.33) | <0.0001 |
Can't remember | 1.09(0.95-1.25) | 0.21 | 1.08(1.00-1.18) | 0.063 | 1.08(1.00-1.16) | 0.037 |
Time of last dental visit (vs. Never) | ||||||
Within 6 months | 1.23(1.07-1.43) | 0.0047 | 1.43(1.33-1.52) | <0.0001 | 1.40(1.32-1.49) | <0.0001 |
Within 6 to 12 months | 1.13(0.98-1.31) | 0.095 | 1.25(1.17-1.34) | <0.0001 | 1.23(1.16-1.31) | <0.0001 |
More than 12 months | 1.32(1.20-1.46) | <0.0001 | 1.17(1.10-1.24) | <0.0001 | 1.21(1.15-1.27) | <0.0001 |
Dental fluorosis | ||||||
Yes (vs. No) | 1.08(0.95-1.22) | 0.25 | 0.95(0.89-1.01) | 0.11 | 0.98(0.92-1.03) | 0.37 |
Frequency of sweet snack intake (vs. Occasionally/ never) | ||||||
Less than 2 times per week | 0.92(0.81-1.05) | 0.23 | 1.04(0.97-1.11) | 0.29 | 1.00(0.93-1.07) | 0.91 |
2 to 6 times per week | 0.96(0.83-1.11) | 0.58 | 1.09(1.02-1.17) | 0.0073 | 1.03(0.96-1.10) | 0.41 |
More than 6 times per week | 0.93(0.82-1.04) | 0.21 | 1.13(1.06-1.21) | <0.0001 | 1.06(0.99-1.13) | 0.10 |
Year of survey | ||||||
2015 (vs. 2005) | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.30(1.23-1.37) | <0.0001 |
Level-2 indicators | ||||||
Economic development (vs. GDP per capita, quartile 1) | ||||||
GDP per capita, , quartile 2 | 0.98(0.75-1.29) | 0.90 | 1.08(0.86-1.35) | 0.53 | 1.01(0.90-1.14) | 0.85 |
GDP per capita, , quartile 3 | 1.21(0.90-1.62) | 0.21 | 0.96(0.76-1.20) | 0.71 | 0.96(0.86-1.08) | 0.52 |
GDP per capita, , quartile 4 | 1.13(0.85-1.51) | 0.40 | 1.10(0.87-1.38) | 0.44 | 0.88(0.77-1.01) | 0.068 |
Region (vs. East China) | ||||||
North China | 0.86(0.65-1.13) | 0.27 | 0.93(0.73-1.19) | 0.57 | 0.97(0.77-1.22) | 0.80 |
Northeast China | 1.15(0.84-1.57) | 0.39 | 1.50(1.09-2.07) | 0.014 | 1.35(1.03-1.77) | 0.031 |
Middlesouth (Central) China | 1.13(0.86-1.50) | 0.38 | 1.18(0.92-1.52) | 0.18 | 1.11(0.89-1.38) | 0.37 |
Southwest China | 1.27(0.91-1.78) | 0.16 | 1.40(1.07-1.83) | 0.013 | 1.26(0.99-1.59) | 0.06 |
Northwest China | 0.94(0.68-1.29) | 0.69 | 1.05(0.79-1.39) | 0.73 | 0.94(0.74-1.20) | 0.64 |