Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to consumption of chlorine dioxide for prevention and as a treatment against COVID-19 in the Peruvian population (N = 3610)
Variables | Participants with no history of COVID-19 (N = 3213) | Participants with a history of COVID-19 (N = 397) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | Use of chlorine dioxide for COVID-19 prevention | N (%) | Use of chlorine dioxide as a treatment for COVID-19 | |||||
No use | Use | Pa | No use | Use | Pa | |||
2956 (92%) n (%) | 257 (8%) n (%) | 332 (83.6%) n (%) | 65 (16.4%) n (%) | |||||
Sex | ||||||||
 Female | 2009 (62.53) | 1870 (93.08) | 139 (6.92) | 0.004 | 234 (58.94) | 201 (85.90) | 33 (14.10) | 0.143 |
 Male | 1204 (37.47) | 1086 (90.20) | 118 (9.80) | 163 (41.06) | 131 (80.37) | 32 (19.63) | ||
Age | ||||||||
 Young (18 to 29 years old) | 2720 (84.66) | 2494 (91.69) | 226 (8.31) | 0.128 | 289 (72.80) | 251 (86.85) | 38 (13.15) | 0.005 |
 Adult and older adult (> 29 years) | 493 (15.34) | 462 (93.71) | 31 (6.29) | 108 (27.20) | 81 (75.00) | 27 (25.00) | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
 Single | 2829 (88.05) | 2601 (91.94) | 228 (8.06) | 0.731 | 303 (76.32) | 256 (84.49) | 47 (15.51) | 0.405 |
 Married or cohabiting | 384 (11.95) | 355 (92.45) | 29 (7.55) | 94 (23.68) | 76 (80.85) | 18 (19.15) | ||
Education level | ||||||||
 High school or less | 769 (23.93) | 709 (92.20) | 60 (7.80) | 0.818 | 89 (22.42) | 75 (84.27) | 14 (15.73) | 0.852 |
 Superior | 2444 (76.07) | 2247 (91.94) | 197 (8.06) | 308 (77.58) | 257 (83.44) | 51 (16.56) | ||
Employment status | ||||||||
 Not working | 2502 (77.87) | 2308 (92.25) | 194 (7.75) | 0.337 | 240 (60.45) | 212 (88.33) | 28 (11.67) | 0.002 |
 Working | 711 (22.13) | 648 (91.14) | 63 (8.86) | 157 (39.55) | 120 (76.43) | 37 (23.57) | ||
Health insurance | ||||||||
 None | 972 (30.25) | 889 (91.46) | 83 (8.54) | 0.323 | 100 (25.19) | 88 (88.00) | 12 (12.00) | 0.587 |
 SIS | 1199 (37.32) | 1100 (91.74) | 99 (8.26) | 131 (33.00) | 107 (81.68) | 24 (18.32) | ||
 EsSalud | 637 (19.83) | 585 (91.84) | 52 (8.16) | 101 (25.44) | 83 (82.18) | 18 (17.82) | ||
 Others | 405 (12.61) | 382 (94.32) | 23 (5.68) | 65 (16.37) | 54 (83.08) | 11 (16.92) | ||
Region of residence | ||||||||
 Coast | 1572 (48.93) | 1477 (93.96) | 95 (6.04) | < 0.001 | 183 (46.10) | 160 (87.43) | 23 (12.57) | 0.008 |
 Highland | 1363 (42.42) | 1230 (90.24) | 133 (9.76) | 135 (34.01) | 115 (85.19) | 20 (14.81) | ||
 Jungle | 278 (8.65) | 249 (89.57) | 29 (10.43) | 79 (19.90) | 57 (72.15) | 22 (27.85) | ||
Area of residence | ||||||||
 Urban | 2536 (84.81) | 2536 (93.06) | 189 (6.94) | < 0.001 | 330 (83.12) | 281 (85.15) | 49 (14.85) | 0.069 |
 Rural | 488 (15.19) | 420 (86.07) | 68 (13.93) | 67 (16.88) | 51 (76.12) | 16 (23.88) | ||
Social class | ||||||||
 Medium-High | 2364 (73.58) | 2192 (92.72) | 172 (7.28) | 0.012 | 302 (76.07) | 253 (83.77) | 49 (16.23) | 0.887 |
 Lower | 849 (26.42) | 764 (89.99) | 85 (10.01) | 95 (23.93) | 79 (83.16) | 16 (16.84) | ||
Health professional within the family unit | ||||||||
 No | 1250 (38.90) | 1123 (89.84) | 127 (10.16) | < 0.001 | 138 (34.76) | 107 (77.54) | 31 (22.46) | 0.036 |
 Student of health sciences | 513 (15.97) | 462 (90.06) | 51 (9.94) | 79 (19.90) | 66 (83.54) | 13 (16.46) | ||
 Health professional | 1450 (45.13) | 1371 (94.55) | 79 (5.45) | 180 (45.34) | 159 (88.33) | 21 (11.67) | ||
Source where you obtain information about COVID-19 medication | ||||||||
 Other media | 2368 (73.70) | 2139 (90.33) | 229 (9.67) | < 0.001 | 288 (72.54) | 230 (79.86) | 58 (20.14) | 0.001 |
 Medical information | 845 (26.30) | 817 (96.69) | 28 (3.31) | 109 (27.46) | 102 (93.58) | 7 (6.42) | ||
Comorbidities for COVID-19 | ||||||||
 No | 2743 (85.37) | 2531 (92.27) | 212 (7.73) | 0.173 | 306 (77.08) | 267 (87.25) | 39 (12.75) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 470 (14.63) | 425 (90.43) | 45 (9.57) | 91 (22.92) | 65 (71.43) | 26 (28.57) | ||
Family member with comorbidity for COVID-19 | ||||||||
 No | 1574 (48.99) | 1413 (89.77) | 161 (10.23) | < 0.001 | 181 (45.59) | 152 (83.98) | 29 (16.02) | 0.863 |
 Yes | 1639 (51.01) | 1543 (94.14) | 96 (5.86) | 216 (54.41) | 180 (83.33) | 36 (16.67) | ||
Family member with COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||||
 No | 2385 (74.23) | 2204 (92.41) | 181 (7.59) | 0.146 | 40 (10.08) | 33 (82.50) | 7 (17.50) | 0.839 |
 Yes | 828 (25.77) | 752 (90.82) | 76 (9.18) | 357 (89.92) | 299 (83.75) | 58 (16.25) | ||
Family member deceased by COVID-19 | ||||||||
 No | 3171 (98.69) | 2917 (91.99) | 254 (8.01) | 0.837 | 371 (93.45) | 313 (84.37) | 58 (15.63) | 0.133 |
 Yes | 42 (1.31) | 39 (92.86) | 3 (7.14) | 26 (6.55) | 19 (73.08) | 7 (26.92) | ||
Do you consider COVID-19 to be a dangerous and deadly disease? | ||||||||
 Nothing or little | 748 (23.28) | 653 (87.30) | 95 (12.70) | < 0.001 | 97 (24.43) | 75 (77.32) | 22 (22.68) | 0.053 |
 Much | 2465 (76.72) | 2303 (93.43) | 162 (6.570) | 300 (75.57) | 257 (85.67) | 43 (14.33) | ||
Use of medications for prevention or treatment of COVID-19 | ||||||||
 No | 2501 (77.84) | 2347 (93.84) | 154 (6.16) | < 0.001 | 64 (16.12) | 57 (89.06) | 7 (10.94) | 0.199 |
 Yes | 712 (22.16) | 609 (85.53) | 103 (14.47) | 333 (83.88) | 275 (82.58) | 58 (17.42) | ||
Use of medicinal plants for prevention or treatment of COVID-19 | Â | Â | Â | |||||
 No | 1294 (40.27) | 1244 (96.14) | 50 (3.86) | < 0.001 | 79 (19.90) | 70 (88.61) | 9 (11.39) | 0.181 |
 Yes | 1919 (59.73) | 1712 (89.21) | 207 (10.79) | 318 (80.10) | 262 (82.39) | 56 (17.61) | ||
Opinion of chlorine dioxide as prevention or treatment of COVID-19 | ||||||||
 It is effective | 396 (12.32) | 271 (68.43) | 125 (31.57) | < 0.001 | 58 (14.61) | 22 (37.93) | 36 (62.07) | < 0.001 |
 It is not effective | 1681 (52.32) | 1614 (96.01) | 67 (3.99) | 182 (45.84) | 164 (90.11) | 18 (9.89) | ||
 I am not informed of the subject | 1136 (35.36) | 1071 (94.28) | 65 (5.72) | 157 (39.55) | 146 (92.99) | 11 (7.01) | ||
COVID-19 disease severity | ||||||||
 Mild | Not applicable | 372 (93.70) | 320 (86.02) | 52 (13.98) | < 0.001 | |||
 Moderate or severe | 25 (6.30) | 12 (48.00) | 13 (52.00) | |||||