Table 5 Estimated contributions of key stunting predictors to urban poor and non-poor gap in average HAZ (OLS estimates), pooled urban sample (2000-2018)
Key stunting predictors | 1 (N=12198) | 2 (N=12198) | 3 (N=10252) | 4 (N=10233) | 5 (N=10231) | 6 (N=10217) | 7 (N=10201) | 8 (N=10194) | 9 (N=10099) | 10 (N=9426) | 11 (N=9426) | 12 (N=9426) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable’s estimated association with HAZ (95% CI) | ||||||||||||
Child’s sex (Female) | -- | 0.01 (-0.04,0.06) | 0.06** (0.01,0.11) | 0.06** (0.02,0.11) | 0.06* (0.01,0.11) | 0.06* (0.01,0.10) | 0.06* (0.01,0.10) | 0.06* (0.01,0.10) | 0.06* (0.01,0.10) | 0.05* (0.00,0.10) | 0.05* (0.00,0.10) | 0.05* (0.00,0.10) |
Child’s age (12-23 months) (24-59 months) | -- | -0.71*** (-0.79,-0.63) -0.78*** (-0.85,-0.71) | -0.72*** (-0.80,-0.64) -0.79*** (-0.86,-0.71) | -0.71*** (-0.79,-0.63) -0.79*** (-0.86,-0.72) | -0.71*** (-0.79,-0.63) -0.78*** (-0.85,-0.71) | -0.70*** (-0.78,-0.62) -0.80*** (-0.88,-0.73) | -0.71*** (-0.79,-0.63) -0.82*** (-0.89,-0.75) | -0.71*** (-0.78,-0.63) -0.81*** (-0.88,-0.74) | -0.71*** (-0.79,-0.63) -0.82*** (-0.89,-0.75) | -0.71*** (-0.79,-0.63) -0.81*** (-0.88,-0.74) | -0.71*** (-0.79,-0.63) -0.81*** (-0.88,-0.74) | -0.71*** (-0.79,-0.63) -0.81*** (-0.88,-0.74) |
Health service use Child’s place of delivery (at home) | -- | -- | -0.50*** (-0.56,-0.44) | -0.48*** (-0.54,-0.42) | -0.36*** (-0.42,-0.30) | -0.29*** (-0.35,-0.23) | -0.28*** (-0.33,-0.22) | -0.26*** (-0.31,-0.20) | -0.26*** (-0.31,-0.20) | -0.24*** (-0.30,-0.18) | -0.23*** (-0.30,-0.17) | -0.21*** (-0.27,-0.15) |
Child’s vaccination (not vaccinated) | -- | -- | -- | -0.33*** (-0.42,-0.25) | -0.27*** (-0.36,-0.19) | -0.25*** (-0.34,-0.17) | -0.23*** (-0.32,-0.15) | -0.23*** (-0.31,-0.14) | -0.23*** (-0.31,-0.14) | -0.25*** (-0.33,-0.17) | -0.25*** (-0.33,-0.16) | -0.24*** (-0.32,-0.15) |
Maternal education (no/primary) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -0.40*** (-0.46,-0.34) | -0.37*** (-0.43,-0.31) | -0.28*** (-0.34,-0.22) | 0.24*** (-0.30,-0.18) | 0.25*** (-0.31,-0.19) | 0.24*** (-0.30,-0.18) | 0.24*** (-0.30,-0.18) | 0.21*** (-0.28,-0.15) |
Maternal nutrition BMI: (underweight) (overweight) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -0.28*** (-0.34,-0.21) 0.28*** (0.21,0.35) | -0.30*** (-0.36,-0.24) 0.26*** (0.19,0.33) | -0.30*** (-0.36,-0.23) 0.26*** (0.19,0.33) | -0.29*** (-0.35,-0.23) 0.25*** (0.18,0.32) | -0.28*** (-0.34,-0.22) 0.26*** (0.19,0.33) | -0.28*** (-0.35,-0.22) 0.26*** (0.19,0.33) | -0.27*** (-0.34,-0.21) 0.23*** (0.16,0.31) |
Stature: (short: 145 to <155cm) (very short: <145 cm) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -0.52*** (-0.57,-0.45) -1.02*** (-1.10,-0.93) | -0.51*** (-0.57,-0.45) -1.02*** (-1.10,-0.93) | -0.51*** (-0.57,-0.45) -1.02*** (-1.10,-0.94) | -0.50*** (-0.56,-0.44) -1.02*** (-1.11,-0.93) | -0.50*** (-0.56,-0.44) -1.02*** (-1.11,-0.93) | -0.50*** (-0.56,-0.44) -1.02*** (-1.10,-0.93) |
Mat. reproductive background Age at first child’s birth (≤17 years) No. children living with mother (≥4) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -0.09*** (-0.14,-0.03) | -0.08** (-0.13,-0.03) | -0.08** (-0.13,-0.02) | -0.08** (-0.14,-0.03) | -0.07** (-0.13,-0.02) |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -0.15*** (-0.23,-0.06) | -0.14** (-0.23,-0.05) | -0.15** (-0.24,-0.06) | -0.14** (-0.23,-0.05) | -0.14** (-0.23,-0.05) | |
Mat. autonomy & media exposure Media exposure (not at all) Autonomy level (average-high) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.01 (-0.07,0.09) | -0.01 (-0.09,0.07) | -0.01 (-0.09,0.07) | 0.03 (0.06,0.11) |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.07** (0.02,0.13) | 0.07** (0.02,0.13) | 0.07** (0.02,0.13) | 0.07* (0.01,0.13) | |
Household WASH Toilet type (non-improved) Drinking water source (non-improved) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -0.07* (-0.13,-0.01) | -0.06^ (-0.13,0.01) | -0.03 (-0.09,0.04) |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.21^ (-0.03,0.44) | 0.21^ (-0.03,0.45) | 0.22^ (-0.01,0.45) | |
Household Division Chittagong Others | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -0.06 (0.15,0.04) 0.07^ (0.01,0.14) | -0.04 (-0.14,0.06) 0.10* (0.02,0.17) |
Household SES Household size (≥7 members) Household wealth (Poorer) (Middle) (Richer) (Richest) | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | -- -- | 0.00 (-0.07,0.06) 0.16**(0.04,0.28) 0.19**(0.06,0.31) 0.17^(-0.00,0.35) 0.37***(0.19,0.57) |
Predicted average HAZ gap (95% CI) | -0.63*** (-0.70,-0.56) | -0.64*** (-0.71,-0.58) | -0.47*** (-0.54,-0.41) | -0.46*** (-0.53,-0.39) | -0.35*** (-0.42,-0.28) | -0.28*** (-0.35,-0.22) | -0.26*** (-0.32,-0.19) | -0.25*** (-0.31,-0.18) | -0.25*** (-0.32,-0.18) | -0.23*** (-0.30,-0.15) | -0.24*** (-0.31,-0.17) | -0.10^ (-0.24,0.04) |
Variables’ contribution to average HAZ gap | 100% | +1.6% | -27.0% | -1.6% | -17.5% | -11.1% | -3.2% | -1.6% | 0.0% | -3.2% | +1.6% | -22.2% |
Total remaining gap | 101.6% | 74.6% | 73.0% | 55.5% | 44.4% | 41.2% | 39.6% | 39.6% | 36.4% | 38% | 15.8% | |