Table 2 Weighted logistic regression results on the associations of various individual-level and country-level variables with face mask usea
From: Global trends and predictors of face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic
Primary model: From April 22 until October 31 | Secondary model: From June 27 until October 31 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | P | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P | |
Time (month) | ||||
April | ref | Not available | ||
May | 1.72 (1.69, 1.75) | < 0.001 | Not available | |
June | 1.95 (1.92, 1.99) | < 0.001 | ref | |
July | 2.01 (1.97, 2.05) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.11, 1.17) | < 0.001 |
August | 2.60 (2.55, 2.65) | < 0.001 | 1.45 (1.42, 1.48) | < 0.001 |
September | 2.74 (2.69, 2.80) | < 0.001 | 1.51 (1.48, 1.55) | < 0.001 |
October | 3.40 (3.32, 3.48) | < 0.001 | 1.90 (1.85, 1.96) | < 0.001 |
COVID-19 test ever taken | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1.59 (1.57, 1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.55 (1.53, 1.58) | < 0.001 |
Age | ||||
18–24 years | ref | ref | ||
25–34 years | 1.22 (1.20, 1.23) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.14, 1.18) | < 0.001 |
35–44 years | 1.34 (1.32, 1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.21, 1.26) | < 0.001 |
45–54 years | 1.43 (1.41, 1.45) | < 0.001 | 1.32 (1.29, 1.34) | < 0.001 |
55–64 years | 1.42 (1.40, 1.44) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.25, 1.30) | < 0.001 |
65+ years | 1.47 (1.45, 1.50) | < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.24, 1.29) | < 0.001 |
Gender | ||||
Male/other | ref | ref | ||
Female | 1.70 (1.69, 1.71) | < 0.001 | 1.75 (1.73, 1.77) | < 0.001 |
Living in an urban area | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1.40 (1.39, 1.41) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.41, 1.44) | < 0.001 |
Gone out to work outside in the last 24 h | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | < 0.001 |
Gone out to a market, grocery store or pharmacy in the last 24 h | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (1.09, 1.11) | < 0.001 |
Gone out to a restaurant, café, or shopping center in the last 24 h | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 0.77 (0.77, 0.78) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.75, 0.77) | < 0.001 |
Spent time with someone outside their household in the last 24 h | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 0.72 (0.72, 0.73) | < 0.001 | 0.70 (0.69, 0.71) | < 0.001 |
Attended a public event with more than 10 people in the last 24 h | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 0.45 (0.44, 0.45) | < 0.001 | 0.46 (0.46, 0.47) | < 0.001 |
Mask policy stringency score | ||||
Per 1 standard deviation | 1.58 (1.58, 1.59) | < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.48, 1.51) | < 0.001 |
Seven day lagged COVID-19 cases | ||||
Per 1 standard deviation | 0.93 (0.93, 0.94) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) | < 0.001 |
Worked in the last 7 days | ||||
No | Not available | ref | ||
Yes | Not available | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | < 0.001 | |
Worried about household finances | ||||
No | Not available | ref | ||
Yes | Not available | 0.88 (0.87, 0.89) | < 0.001 | |
Years of education | ||||
Per 1 year | Not available | 1.07 (1.07, 1.08) | < 0.001 | |