Declines in health literacy and health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study of the Japanese general population

Table 4 Factors related to the decline in HRQOL-mental by gender

	Total (N = 749)		Male (N = 363)		Female (N = 386)
	B	95% CI	B	95% CI	B	95% CI
Age	0.019	(− 0.018 to 0.056)	0.017	(− 0.033 to 0.067)	0.027	(−0.028 to 0.081)
Gender	−2.046	(−3.145 to − 0.947)
Education	−0.246	(−0.756 to 0.263)	− 0.535	(−1.179 to 0.108)	0.136	(− 0.692 to 0.965)
Economic status	0.416	(0.093 to 0.738)	0.409	(−0.019 to 0.837)	0.377	(− 0.111 to 0.865)
Having a disease	−1.123	(−2.204 to − 0.042)	− 0.786	(− 2.258 to 0.686)	−1.375	(− 2.965 to 0.215)
Full-time worker	− 0.916	(− 2.099 to 0.267)	0.310	(− 1.294 to 1.914)	−2.014	(− 3.783 to − 0.246)
HRQOL-mental at 2020	− 0.502	(− 0.573 to − 0.431)	−0.486	(− 0.583 to − 0.388)	−0.520	(− 0.624 to − 0.417)
HL at 2020	0.104	(0.048 to 0.161)	0.136	(0.063 to 0.210)	0.076	(−0.011 to 0.162)
(constant)	22.389	(17.543 to 27.234)	18.601	(12.791 to 24.412)	19.260	(12.885 to 25.634)
Adjusted R-squared	0.208		0.210		0.194

Multiple linear regression analysis was used. Significant differences are printed in bold (p < 0.05)

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