Declines in health literacy and health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study of the Japanese general population

Table 3 Factors related to the decline in HRQOL-physical by gender

	Total (N = 749)		Male (N = 363)		Female (N = 386)
	B	95% CI	B	95% CI	B	95% CI
Age	0.006	(−0.029 to 0.042)	0.032	(−0.016 to 0.079)	−0.024	(− 0.078 to 0.030)
Gender	−0.392	(− 1.466 to 0.683)
Education	−0.109	(−0.607 to 0.389)	0.084	(−0.533 to 0.700)	− 0.457	(−1.282 to 0.368)
Economic status	0.358	(0.043 to 0.672)	0.164	(−0.245 to 0.573)	0.527	(0.045 to 1.010)
Having a disease	−1.602	(−2.685 to − 0.520)	0.183	(−3.234 to − 0.372)	−1.297	(−2.932 to 0.338)
Full-time worker	1.053	(− 0.102 to 2.209)	1.665	(0.124 to 3.206)	0.319	(−1.436 to 2.075)
HRQOL-physical at 2020	−0.594	(− 0.663 to − 0.524)	0.564	(− 0.661 to − 0.466)	−0.616	(− 0.716 to − 0.515)
HL at 2020	0.057	(0.003 to 0.112)	0.028	(−0.042 to 0.098)	0.092	(0.007 to 0.177)
(constant)	23.327	(18.448 to 28.205)	21.102	(15.231 to 26.972)	24.155	(17.707 to 30.603)
Adjusted R-squared	0.270		0.259		0.278

Multiple linear regression analysis was used. Significant differences are printed in bold (p < 0.05)

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