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Table 2 Changes in HRQOL and HL between 2020 and 2021

From: Declines in health literacy and health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study of the Japanese general population

  

2020

2021

Change 2021–2020

N

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

p-value1)

HRQOL-physical

817

44.83

7.13

44.15

7.38

−0.68

7.58

0.010

 male

399

45.18

6.75

44.62

6.89

−0.56

6.94

0.107

 female

418

44.50

7.48

43.70

7.80

− 0.80

8.15

0.045

HRQOL-mental

817

49.72

7.14

48.63

7.84

−1.09

7.49

<.001

 male

399

49.82

7.08

49.33

7.53

−0.48

7.06

0.172

 female

418

49.62

7.21

47.96

8.08

−1.66

7.84

<.001

Health literacy

730

30.53

8.80

28.75

8.82

−1.78

6.62

<.001

 male

351

29.85

9.08

28.03

9.09

−1.83

6.71

<.001

 female

379

31.16

8.49

29.41

8.52

−1.74

6.55

<.001

  1. 1) Paired t-test for changes between 2020 and 2021
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