Loneliness and mental health among the elderly in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic

Dziedzic, Beata; Idzik, Anna; Kobos, Ewa; Sienkiewicz, Zofia; Kryczka, Tomasz; Fidecki, Wiesław; Wysokiński, Mariusz

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12029-4

BMC Public Health

Table 2 HADS-M and R-UCLA scores with regard to sociodemographic variables (n = 221)

From: Loneliness and mental health among the elderly in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic

Parameter	N	% of all participants	Depression		HADS-M t/H/r	Loneliness		R-UCLA t/H/r
Parameter	N	% of all participants	M	SD	HADS-M t/H/r	M	SD	R-UCLA t/H/r
Gender
Female	116	47.51	14.11	10.01	t = 2.00 p = 0.046	39.39	10.28	t = 1.13 p = 0.258
Male	105	52.49	12.41	9.35	t = 2.00 p = 0.046	37.87	9.61	t = 1.13 p = 0.258
Marital status
In a relationship	157	71.04	13.22	9.45	H = 0.22 p = 0.894	37.22	9.30	H = 11.82 p = 0.002
Widow/widower	35	15.84	14.21	10.19		42.76	10.84
Single	29	13.12	13.15	10.92		40.72	10.59
Education
Primary/vocational	36	16.28	14.42	9.06	H = 1.50 p = 0.472	40.94	9.72	H = 2.63 p = 0.268
Secondary/post-secondary	138	62.44	12.99	9.73		37.99	9.90
Higher	47	21.27	13.36	10.32		38.91	10.31
Employment status
Old-age pensioner/incapacity pensioner	162	73.30	13.72	10.06		39.35	10.08
Unemployed	4	1.80	11.60	10.10	H = 1.24 p = 0.535	39.42	12.58	H = 5.34 p = 0.069
Employed	55	24.90	11.72	7.87	H = 1.24 p = 0.535	35.38	8.57	H = 5.34 p = 0.069
Place of residence
Rural area	34	15.38	13.09	10.34	H = 0.14 p = 0.930	38.09	10.76	H = 1.26 p = 0.532
Town	107	57.91	13.12	9.33		38.03	9.08
City	80	26.71	13.83	10.32		40.36	11.26
Person with whom one currently resides
Alone	50	21.73	11.81	10.12	H = 4.597 p = 0.100	42.29	10.74	H = 8.07 p = 0.018
With spouse/partner only	125	57.46	12.78	9.04		37.60	8.60
With family (children, relatives)	46	20.81	21.02	7.38		37.17	11.60
Financial situation rating
Very good	12	5.43	7.92	7.69	H = −13.28 p = 0.010	34.58	9.63	H = 9.28 p = 0.054
Quite good	78	35.29	12.90	9.21		38.24	9.60
Neither good nor bad	89	40.27	12.12	8.25		37.78	9.52
Quite bad	32	14.48	17.53	13.05		41.81	10.45
Very bad	10	4.53	21.22	9.23		46.44	12.08

r – Pearson’s correlation coefficient, t – Student’s t-test, H – Kruskal–Wallis test; p – statistical significance

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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