Table 1 Characteristics of the participants according to weight status and metabolic phenotype
Characteristics | Normal weight | p Value | Overweight | p Value | Obese | p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | ||||
n (prevalence%) | 4874 (36.0) | 2099 (15.5) | ─ | 2235 (16.5) | 1843 (13.6) | ─ | 749 (5.5) | 1196 (8.8) | ─ |
Age (years) mean ± SD | 40.83 ± 14.75 | 47.45 ± 15.60 | < 0.001 | 45.56 ± 13.03 | 49.27 ± 12.93 | < 0.001 | 47.36 ± 12.46 | 50.97 ± 11.79 | <  0.001 |
Gender n (%) | 0.938 | Â | Â | 0.182 | Â | Â | 0.036 | ||
 Male | 2183 (44.8) | 938 (44.7) |  | 1030 (46.1) | 888 (48.2) |  | 289 (38.6) | 519 (43.4) |  |
 Female | 2691 (55.2) | 1161 (55.3) |  | 1205 (53.9) | 955 (51.8) |  | 460 (61.4) | 677 (56.6) |  |
Ethnicity n (%) | 0.919 | Â | Â | 0.172 | Â | Â | 0.240 | ||
 Kazakh | 2376 (48.7) | 1019 (48.5) |  | 1054 (47.2) | 880 (47.7) |  | 447 (59.7) | 757 (63.3) |  |
 Uyghur | 1488 (30.5) | 636 (30.3) |  | 440 (19.7) | 322 (17.5) |  | 100 (13.4) | 137 (11.5) |  |
 Han | 1010 (20.7) | 444 (21.2) |  | 741 (33.2) | 641 (34.8) |  | 202 (27.0) | 302 (25.3) |  |
Educational level n (%) | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.346 | ||
 Illiteracy | 797 (16.4) | 447 (21.3) |  | 425 (19.0) | 431 (23.4) |  | 127 (17.0) | 228 (19.1) |  |
 Primary school | 1993 (40.9) | 919 (43.8) |  | 968 (43.3) | 828 (44.9) |  | 353 (47.1) | 528 (44.1) |  |
  ≥ Junior high school | 2084 (42.8) | 733 (34.9) |  | 842 (37.7) | 584 (31.7) |  | 269 (35.9) | 440 (36.8) |  |
Smoking n (%) | 0.305 | Â | Â | 0.599 | Â | Â | 0.812 | ||
 No | 3825 (78.5) | 1624 (77.4) |  | 1726 (77.2) | 1436 (77.9) |  | 584 (78.0) | 938 (78.4) |  |
 Yes | 1049 (21.5) | 475 (22.6) |  | 509 (22.8) | 407 (22.1) |  | 165 (22.0) | 258 (21.6) |  |
Drinking n (%) | 0.929 | Â | Â | 0.176 | Â | Â | 0.744 | ||
 No | 4355 (89.4) | 1877 (89.4) |  | 1906 (85.3) | 1599 (86.8) |  | 636 (84.9) | 1009 (84.4) |  |
 Yes | 519 (10.6) | 222 (10.6) |  | 329 (14.7) | 244 (13.2) |  | 113 (15.1) | 187 (15.6) |  |
Fresh milk n (%) | 0.047 | Â | Â | 0.024 | Â | Â | 0.464 | ||
 no or <  0.5 L per week | 3953 (81.1) | 1756 (83.7) |  | 1710 (76.5) | 1476 (80.1) |  | 558 (74.5) | 899 (75.2) |  |
 0.5 L–1.5 L per week | 526 (10.8) | 188 (9.0) |  | 290 (13.0) | 212 (11.5) |  | 97 (13.0) | 167 (14.0) |  |
  ≥ 1.5 L per week | 395 (8.1) | 155 (7.4) |  | 235 (10.5) | 155 (8.4) |  | 94 (12.6) | 130 (10.9) |  |
Egg n (%) | 0.032 | Â | Â | 0.081 | Â | Â | 0.427 | ||
 no or < 1 per week | 2342 (48.1) | 1091 (52.0) |  | 1110 (49.7) | 982 (53.3) |  | 433 (57.8) | 723 (60.5) |  |
 1–3 per week | 1708 (35.0) | 694 (33.1) |  | 735 (32.9) | 584 (31.7) |  | 216 (28.8) | 322 (26.9) |  |
  ≥ 4 per week | 824 (16.9) | 314 (15.0) |  | 390 (17.4) | 277 (15.0) |  | 100 (13.4) | 151 (12.6) |  |
Fresh meat n (%) | 0.019 |  |  | 0.087 |  |  | <  0.001 | ||
 no or < 1 kg per week | 1093 (22.4) | 463 (22.1) |  | 417 (18.7) | 315 (17.1) |  | 128 (17.1) | 156 (13.0) |  |
 1-2 kg per week | 1601 (32.8) | 626 (29.8) |  | 643 (28.8) | 493 (26.7) |  | 210 (28.0) | 275 (23.0) |  |
  ≥ 2 kg per week | 2180 (44.7) | 1010 (48.1) |  | 1175 (52.6) | 1035 (56.2) |  | 411 (54.9) | 765 (64.0) |  |
Vegetables n (%) | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.002 |  |  | 0.080 | ||
 no or < 1 plate per week | 340 (7.0) | 199 (9.5) |  | 120 (5.4) | 107 (5.8) |  | 30 (4.0) | 70 (5.9) |  |
 1–3 plates per week | 2358 (48.4) | 1060 (50.5) |  | 866 (38.7) | 815 (44.2) |  | 284 (37.9) | 482 (40.3) |  |
  ≥ 4 plates per week | 2176 (44.6) | 840 (40.0) |  | 1249 (55.9) | 921 (50.0) |  | 435 (58.1) | 644 (53.8) |  |
Fruits n (%) | 0.007 | Â | Â | 0.009 | Â | Â | 0.193 | ||
 no or < 1 plate per week | 978 (20.1) | 492 (23.4) |  | 456 (20.4) | 442 (24.0) |  | 169 (22.6) | 315 (26.3) |  |
 1–3 plates per week | 2571 (52.7) | 1055 (50.3) |  | 1066 (47.7) | 877 (47.6) |  | 363 (48.5) | 549 (45.9) |  |
  ≥ 4 plates per week | 1325 (27.2) | 552 (26.3) |  | 713 (31.9) | 524 (28.4) |  | 217 (29.0) | 332 (27.8) |  |
 WC (cm) mean ± SD | 79.22 ± 7.70 | 81.69 ± 8.37 | <  0.001 | 87.55 ± 7.75 | 89.69 ± 7.93 | <  0.001 | 97.52 ± 9.54 | 100.56 ± 10.26 | <  0.001 |