Fig. 1

Odds of online food delivery service use in the previous week per quarter of online food outlet access amongst respondents from the International Food Policy Study (n = 3067). Data collected November–December 2019, modelled using adjusted binomial logistic regression. Analysis adjusted for the following potential confounders: neighbourhood food outlet access, sex, age, education level, perceived income adequacy, living with children and ethnicity. The number of food outlets accessible online for each quarter (Q) were: Q1 = 0–34, Q2 = 35–85, Q3 = 86–181, Q4 = 182–879