Table 4 Determinants of healthcare-seeking behaviors. Base group: seeking healthcare at VCs

 Correct/partially correct medication

0.891

0.901

1.243

1.320

0.971

1.053

(0.249)

(0.248)

(0.231)

(0.247)

(0.268)

(0.301)

 Senior high school or higher education ×correct/partially correct medication

0.725

0.359*

0.326*

(0.735)

(0.214)

(0.216)

 Whether the clinician has received full-time formal junior college medical education (yes = 1)

0.828

0.826

0.441**

0.438**

0.465

0.459

(0.362)

(0.360)

(0.172)

(0.172)

(0.307)

(0.305)

 Varieties of Western medicine in stock (log)

0.420***

0.419***

0.627***

0.622***

0.676

0.667

(0.111)

(0.111)

(0.108)

(0.107)

(0.182)

(0.178)

 Distance from the VC to the THC (km) (log)

0.983

0.981

0.880

0.874

1.547**

1.532**

(0.183)

(0.182)

(0.105)

(0.104)

(0.285)

(0.282)

 Availability of a shuttle from the village to the THC (yes = 1)

1.194

1.197

1.230

1.236

1.362

1.366

(0.337)

(0.338)

(0.243)

(0.244)

(0.411)

(0.413)

 Number of clinicians per 1000 people

1.278

1.282

1.028

1.035

0.808

0.815

(0.206)

(0.208)

(0.115)

(0.117)

(0.146)

(0.147)

 Referral rate of patients by the VC

0.380

0.377

0.328

0.321

0.228

0.225

(0.507)

(0.503)

(0.292)

(0.286)

(0.324)

(0.321)

 Number of visits to the VC (log)

0.914

0.915

0.893

0.892

0.975

0.975

(0.111)

(0.110)

(0.0901)

(0.0900)

(0.129)

(0.130)

 Elderly (over 60 = 1)

1.277

1.276

1.131

1.134

1.275

1.277

(0.362)

(0.361)

(0.218)

(0.218)

(0.377)

(0.379)

 Male (yes = 1)

0.840

0.842

1.031

1.047

1.299

1.326

(0.170)

(0.175)

(0.132)

(0.135)

(0.247)

(0.253)

 Senior high school or higher education (yes = 1)

1.232

1.536

1.347

2.349*

2.411**

4.385***

(0.627)

(1.099)

(0.422)

(1.098)

(1.022)

(2.471)

 Hypertension or diabetes (yes = 1)

0.622

0.624

0.544***

0.546***

0.970

0.976

(0.196)

(0.196)

(0.114)

(0.114)

(0.296)

(0.298)

 Non-farm jobholders (yes = 1)

1.310

1.307

0.952

0.945

1.091

1.082

(0.317)

(0.316)

(0.157)

(0.156)

(0.287)

(0.285)

 Village leaders (yes = 1)

0.644

0.653

0.652

0.663

0.856

0.870

(0.269)

(0.273)

(0.190)

(0.194)

(0.333)

(0.339)

vRelatives of village clinicians (yes = 1)

1.036

1.033

1.137

1.117

0.706

0.690

(0.441)

(0.440)

(0.336)

(0.330)

(0.326)

(0.320)

 Impoverished household (yes = 1)

0.601

0.601

0.600**

0.603**

1.030

1.039

(0.193)

(0.192)

(0.133)

(0.133)

(0.342)

(0.346)

 Moderate symptoms (yes = 1)

1.206

1.205

0.732

0.734

0.181***

0.181***

(0.417)

(0.417)

(0.147)

(0.147)

(0.0692)

(0.0695)

 Severe symptoms (yes = 1)

2.932***

2.938***

0.228***

0.226***

0.0963***

0.0952***

(0.864)

(0.864)

(0.0443)

(0.0443)

(0.0358)

(0.0356)

 Disease fixed effect

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

 County fixed effect

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

 Observations

1578

1578

1578

1578

1578

1578